中央研究院 生物化學研究所

Phycobilisomes (PBS) are antenna megacomplexes that transfer energy to photosystems II and I in thylakoids. PBS likely evolved f

Photolyases, a ubiquitous class of flavoproteins, use blue light to repair DNA photolesions. In this work, we determined the str

Background/aim: PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1 (PHRF1) ubiquitinates TGIP (TG-interacting protein) and redistri

Eukaryotic dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthases (DHDDSs), cis-prenyltransferases (cis-PTs) synthesizing precursors of dolichols

Fork reversal is a conserved mechanism to prevent stalled replication forks from collapsing. Formation and protection of reverse

Homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair is a prerequisite for maintaining genome stability. Cancer cells displaying HR

Drimane-type sesquiterpenes (DTSs) are significant terpenoid natural products characterized by their unique C₁₅ bicyclic skeleto

Purinosomes serve as metabolons to enhance de novo purine synthesis (DNPS) efficiency through compartmentalizing DNPS enzymes du

Many AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) proteins function as protein or DNA remodelers by threading the

A class of 1-(4-(arylethylenylcarbonyl)phenyl)-4-carboxy-2-pyrrolidinones were designed and synthesized via Michael addition, cy

The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2, resulting in the emergence of new variants that are resistant to existing vaccines and ther

Identifying residues critical to protein-protein binding and efficient design of stable and specific protein binders are challen

The peptidoglycan layer is a defining characteristic of bacterial cells, providing them with structural support and osmotic prot

Translational readthrough of UGA stop codons by selenocysteine-specific tRNA (tRNASec) enables the synthesis of selenoproteins.

A better understanding of the epitopes most relevant for antibody-mediated protection against tuberculosis (TB) remains a major

Complete coverage of all N-glycosylation sites on the SARS-CoV2 spike protein would require the use of multiple proteases in add

Once thought to be non-naturally occurring, D-amino acids (DAAs) have in recent years been revealed to play a wide range of phys

PmrA, an OmpR/PhoB-family response regulator, triggers gene transcription responsible for polymyxin resistance in bacteria by re

Aberrant overexpression or activation of EGFR drives the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and acquired resistan

The structure determination of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP): phospho-protein complexes, which is essential to understand h

Vibrio α-hemolysins (αHLs) are β-pore-forming toxins secreted by Vibrio pathogens, crucial for the facilitation of bacterial inf

Mitochondria adapt to changing cellular environments, stress stimuli, and metabolic demands through dramatic morphological remod

Glomerular podocytes are instrumental for the barrier function of the kidney, and podocyte injury contributes to proteinuria and

CP74 is an engineered circular permutant of a deep trefoil knotted SpoU-TrmD (SPOUT) RNA methyl transferase protein YbeA from E.

The abuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microbial pathogens, presenting a pressing challenge in

Membrane proteins are challenging to analyze by native mass spectrometry (MS) as their hydrophobic nature typically requires sta

Cellular glycosylation is characterized by chemical complexity and heterogeneity, which is challenging to reproduce syntheticall

Accumulating evidence has shown that the quality of proteins must be tightly monitored and controlled to maintain cellular prote

We used the deep learning tool ProteinMPNN to redesign ubiquitin (Ub) as a specific and functionally stimulating/enhancing binde

ATP-dependent RAD51 recombinases play an essential role in eukaryotic homologous recombination by catalyzing a four-step process

PHRF1 is an E3 ligase that promotes TGF-β signaling by ubiquitinating a homeodomain repressor TG-interacting factor (TGIF). The

The Gram-negative anaerobe, Porphyromonas gingivalis, is known to be a pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis. P. gingiv

The intracellular phosphatase domain of the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (PTPRA) is known to regulate variou

Regulation of CO₂ fixation in cyanobacteria is important both for the organism and global carbon balance. Here we show that phos

Carbapenemase and extended β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates represent a major health threat, stimulating inc

Keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycan is composed of repeating N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) disaccharide units consisting of galacto

Most rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars cannot survive under prolonged submergence. However, some O. sativa ssp. indica cultivars, su

Background: Microglia are an integral part of central nervous system, but our understanding of microglial biology is limited due

Great effort has been devoted to discovering the basis of A3G-Vif interaction, the key event of HIV's counteraction mechanism to

The TFIIF-like Rpc53/Rpc37 heterodimer of RNA polymerase (pol) III is involved in various stages of transcription. The C-termina

Trimeresurus gracilis is an endemic alpine pitviper in Taiwan with controversial phylogeny, and its venom proteome remains unkno

TRIM28/KAP1/TIF1β is a crucial epigenetic modifier. Genetic ablation of trim28 is embryonic lethal, although RNAi-mediated knock

Noroviruses, the major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis, are known to bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), including

Determination of sub-100 kilodalton (kDa) structures by cryo-electron microscopy (EM) is a longstanding but not straightforward

Activation of tumor-intrinsic innate immunity has been a major strategy for improving immunotherapy. Previously, we reported an

Inorganic phosphate (P_i) is one of the essential molecules for life. However, little is known about intracellular P_i metabolism

Human mitochondrial NAD(P)⁺-dependent malic enzyme (ME2) is well-known for its role in cell metabolism, which may be involved in

The long non-coding telomeric RNA transcript TERRA, in the form of an RNA-DNA duplex, regulates telomere recombination. In a scr

Nearly 95% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurs sporadically without genetic linkage. Aging, hypertension, high cholesterol conten

Mammalian cells can turn over peroxisomes through Stub1-mediated pexophagy. The pathway potentially permits cellular control of

KpsC is a dual-module glycosyltransferase (GT) essential for "group 2" capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

Immunomodulatory Siglecs are controlled by their glycoprotein and glycolipid ligands. Siglec-glycolipid interactions are often s

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a very large dsDNA virus. The accepted shape of the WSSV virion has been as ellipsoidal, wit

The synthesis of the cell-wall peptidoglycan during bacterial cell division is mediated by a multiprotein machine, called the di

Enterocloster bolteae (formerly known as Clostridium bolteae) is a gastro-intestinal pathogenic bacterium often detected in the

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by cells to mediate intercellular communication under pathological and physiological c

Since the discovery of protein tyrosine phosphorylation as one of the critical post-translational modifications, it has been wel

The cDNAs encoding the Zn⁺²-metalloproteases (SVMPs) of Trimeresurus gracilis (abbreviated as Tgc), a pitviper endemic to Taiwan

Terpenoids represent the largest structural family of natural products (NPs) and have various applications in the pharmaceutical

Synthetic biology tools for regulating gene expression have many useful biotechnology and therapeutic applications. Most tools d

(-)-Antrocin (1), produced by the medicinal mushroom, Antrodia cinnamomea, is a potent anti-proliferative compound. The biosynth

The coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) protein is known to bind to nucleic acids and facilitate viral genome encapsulation. Here we re

Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen that can be resistant to antibiotics by rapidly modulating its anti-drug mechan

Understanding the structural diversity of honeybee-infecting viruses is critical to maintain pollinator health and manage the sp

Galectin-4, a member of the galectin family of animal glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), is specifically expressed in gastrointesti

Patients with mutations of WDR4, a substrate adaptor of the CUL4 E3 ligase complex, develop cerebellar atrophy and gait phenotyp

It is well known that insulating samples can accumulate electric charges from exposure to an electron beam. How the accumulation

Climate change is a defining challenge of the 21st century, and this decade is a critical time for action to mitigate the worst

We developed a versatile asymmetric strategy to synthesize different classes of sulfoglycolipids (SGLs) from Mycobacterium tuber

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), released as byproducts of mitochondrial metabolism or as products of NADPH oxidases and other pro

Amyloidogenesis, self-propagation of protein or peptide monomers to amyloid fibrils, has been linked to incurable pathogenesis o

Replication fork reversal which restrains DNA replication progression is an important protective mechanism in response to replic

Spiro[pyran-4-quinolines] were synthesized in two steps from exo-glycals. The first step involved the double additions of anilin

G-protein-coupled receptors signal through cognate G proteins. Despite the widespread importance of these receptors, their regul

Autophagy has emerged as the prime machinery for implementing organelle quality control. In the context of mitophagy, the ubiqui

Three new 2-guanidinoethanesulfonyl sesquiterpene analogues of (−)-agelasidine A, agelasidines G–I (1–3), were isolated from a m

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a ubiquitous chaperone to interact with numerous proteins to regulate multiple cellular process

The pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) facilitates the co-translational installation of the 22^nd amino acid pyrrolysine. Owing t

Tissue (re)vascularization strategies face various challenges, as therapeutic cells do not survive long enough in situ, while th

WbbB, a lipopolysaccharide O-antigen synthesis enzyme from Raoultella terrigena, contains an N-terminal glycosyltransferase doma

Human cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) is a complex, functionally important and glycan rich biological fluid, fundamental in mediating

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of several gastric diseases including gastric cancer. To reach

Modulation of presynaptic actin dynamics is fundamental to synaptic growth and functional plasticity; yet the underlying molecul

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial cellular nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis. AMPK als

The ATP binding sites of many enzymes are structurally related, which complicates their development as therapeutic targets. In t

The development of a ligand-assisted imprinting probe (i.e., LIP 1) for the site-specific labeling of recombinant Siglec-7 prote

A route for preparing lipooligosaccharide (LOS) glycans from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Canetti was developed and applied to the

The edible fungus Tremella fuciformis was shown to have a high molecular weight (1.87 × 10³ kDa) bioactive polysaccharide, denot

Galectin-3 (GAL3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin expressed in CD4 T cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1

SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, causing waves of the pandemic. Up to May 2022, 10 million genome sequences have accumulated, whi

Eggshell membrane (ESM), a plentiful biological waste, consists of collagen-like proteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious swine disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). PED cause

To transform cellulose from biomass into fermentable sugars for biofuel production requires efficient enzymatic degradation of c

We report the de novo asymmetric synthesis of the 3,6-dideoxy sugars abequose, paratose, and tyvelose from 2-acetylfuran. C

Application of B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway inhibitor ibrutinib for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a major breakthrough,

A new 2-guanidinoethanesulfonyl sesquiterpene, cyclohexylagelasidine A (1), and a known compound (–)-agelasidine A (2), were iso

Fibrils of the hamster prion peptide (sHaPrP, sequence 108-144) were prepared in an acidic solution, and their structure was sol

Trichodesmium, a major diazotroph in tropical and subtropical oceans, provides a significant amount of bioavailable nitrogen in

Naturally occurring N-glycans display much diversity in modifications, linkages, and peripheral presentation of the oligosacchar

Prion protein is composed of a structure-unsolved N-terminal domain and a globular C-terminal domain. Under limited trypsin dige

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) result in oxidative stress, which damages cells and leads to the development of man

We report the isolation and stereochemical determination of the predominant native cholesteryl 6-O-phosphatidyl α-glucoside (CPG

N-glycans are diversified by a panel of glycosyltransferases in the Golgi, which are supposed to modify various glycoproteins in

Background: With the continuous emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants that feature increased transmission and immune escape, ther

Background: Metastasis and chemoresistance are major culprits of cancer mortality, but factors contributing to these processes a

Protein/peptide aggregation-induced cell death is the culprit of many neurodegenerative diseases. Many peptide drugs were design

TRIM28 is a scaffold protein that interacts with DNA-binding proteins and recruits corepressor complexes to cause gene silencing

The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex connects the cytoskeleton with base membrane components such as laminin through unique O-gly

Piperazine-derived diazabicycles are privileged structures found in natural products and synthetic chemical entities, including

Flavin coenzymes are universally found in biological redox reactions. DNA photolyases, with their flavin chromophore (FAD), util

Subcellular localization of the deubiquitinating enzyme BAP1 is deterministic for its tumor suppressor activity. While the monou

Prion diseases are transmissible fatal neurodegenerative disorders spreading between humans and other mammals. The pathogenic ag

Siglec-7 (sialic acid–binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 7) is an immune checkpoint-like glycan recognition protein on natural k

We herein reported the first chemoenzymatic synthesis of lacto-N-hexaose (LNH) by combining chemical carbohydrate synthesis with

Genome editing by the delivery of pre-assembled Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (Cas9 RNP) is an increasingly popular approach for cell

Data from the World Health Organisation show that the global incidence of dengue infection has risen drastically, with an estima

The coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has bec

BRAC1 associated protein-1 (BAP1) is a major tumor suppressor involved in many cancers. The deubiquitinase (DUB) activity of BAP

Bacterial polyynes are highly active natural products with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. However, their detailed

Background: Autophagy plays important roles in cell homeostasis and protein quality control. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have

Most known cellulase-associated carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are attached to the N- or C-terminus of the enzyme or are ex

Bacterial surface polysaccharides are assembled by glycosyltransferase enzymes that typically use sugar nucleotide or polyprenyl

Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase (EcGS) spontaneously forms a dodecamer that catalytically converts glutamate to glutamine.

OLA1 is a P-loop ATPase, implicated in centrosome duplication through the interactions with tumor suppressors BRCA1 and BARD1. D

Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) form a large protease family involved in a myriad of biological and pathological processes, incl

Zebrafish is a popular research model; but its mechanism of sex determination is unclear and the sex of juvenile fish cannot be

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is increasingly applied to study the structures and interactions of membrane protein c

A one-pot strategy for functionalizing pyranoside 1,2-cis-diols with two different ester protecting groups is reported. The appr

Wild tomatoes (Solanum peruvianum) are important genomic resources for tomato research and breeding. Development of a foreign DN

Recent developments in the instrumentation and data analysis of synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) on biomolecules

In Vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototype poxvirus, scaffold protein D13 forms a honeycomb-like lattice on the viral membrane that

Nature Communications Editors’ Highlights - “Microbiology and infectious diseases”

The combination of EGF, CHIR99021, A83-01, SB4

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a worldwide cancer with rising annual incidence. New medications for patients with CRC ar

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important pathogen associated with nosocomial infection and has developed increasing resistance to a

Enzymatic synthesis that is commenced by the sugar nucleotide regeneration system (SNRS) protocol can minimize 1) the consumptio

Biological CO₂ fixation is so far the most effective means for CO₂ reduction at scale and accounts for most of the CO₂ fixed on

Excessive generation and accumulation of highly reactive oxidizing molecules causes oxidative stress and oxidative damage to cel

Bacterial cells are encased in peptidoglycan (PG), a polymer of disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetyl-muramic a

Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype KN2 is a carbapenem-resistant strain and leads to the health care-associated infections, such as

Background: K1 capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-associated Klebsiella pneumoniae is the primary cause of pyogenic liver abscesses (

An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) first detected in Wuhan, China, has created a public health emergency all over

Specific antibody interactions with short peptides have made epitope tagging systems a vital tool employed in virtually all fiel

Extensive glycosylation of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus not only shields the major

Trimeresurus gracilis (Tgc) is endemic to Taiwan and shown to be closely related with Ovophis okinavensis by previous phylogenet

Since 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been rapidly spreading worldwide, causing hundreds

Single-cell proteomics can reveal cellular phenotypic heterogeneity and cell-specific functional networks underlying biological

T-Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (TCPTP, PTPN2) is a non-receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase that is ubiquitously expr

Emerging evidence suggests that host glycans influence severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. H

The T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP/PTPN2) targets a broad variety of substrates across different subcellular compart

Mass spectrometry-based high-sensitivity mapping of terminal glycotopes relies on diagnostic MS² and/or MS³ ions that can differ

The imaging of peptidoglycan (PGN) dynamics in living bacteria facilitates the understanding of PGN biosynthesis and wall-target

The catalog of enzymes known to catalyze the nucleophile-assisted formation of C-C bonds is extremely small, and there is presen

Alterations of protein glycosylation are closely related with pathophysiological regulation. Due to the structural macro- and mi

This study reports the application of expanding genetic codes in developing protein cage-based delivery systems. The evolved Met

Background: RAD51-dependent homologous recombination (HR) is one of the most important pathways for repairing DNA double-strand

The mechanisms that underlie the extensive phenotypic diversity in genetic disorders are poorly understood. Here, we develop a l

The immunomodulatory family of Siglecs recognizes sialic acid-containing glycans as “self”, which is exploited in cancer for imm

α-Dystroglycan (α-DG) is a glycoprotein specifically modified with O-mannosyl glycans bearing long polysaccharides, termed matri

The outer surfaces of mycobacteria, including the organism that causes tuberculosis, are decorated with an array of immunomodula

The Lon protease is the prototype of a family of proteolytic machines with adenosine triphosphatase modules built into a substra

Replication stress causes replication fork stalling, resulting in an accumulation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Replication pr

Glycoproteomics is a powerful yet analytically challenging research tool. Software packages aiding the interpretation of complex

Background: During autophagy defense against invading microbes, certain lipid types are indispensable for generating specialized

Development of effective therapeutics for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic is a pressing global need. Neutralizing antibodies ar

Histone arginine methylation is a key post-translational modification that mediates epigenetic events that activate or repress g

The D614G mutation in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 alters the fitness of the virus, leading to the dominant form observed in

Versatile genome editing can be facilitated by the insertion of DNA sequences into specific locations. Current protocols involvi

Glycolipids are prominent components of bacterial membranes that play critical roles not only in maintaining the structural inte

Lon is an evolutionarily conserved proteolytic machine carrying out a wide spectrum of biological activities by degrading misfol

Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular pathway for the degradation of cytoplasmic materials. Unde

The surface polysacharide arabinomannan (AM) and related glycolipid lipoarabinomannan (LAM) play critical roles in tuberculosis

The Lon AAA+ (adenosine triphosphatases associated with diverse cellular activities) protease (LonA) converts ATP-fuelled confor

Plant diseases are important issues in agriculture, and the development of effective and environment-friendly means of disease c

The biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a key immunomodulatory molecule produced by gram-negative bacteria, has been a top

Natural killer (NK) cells are potent innate immune cells that provide the surveillance and elimination of infected, stressed, an

Background: Plectranthus amboinicus (Spreng.) is an herb commonly used in folk medicine and food by several Asian countries. The

The B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 first detected in the UK harbors amino-acid substitutions and deletions in the spike protein t

Human PUF-A/PUM3 is a RNA and DNA binding protein participating in the nucleolar processing of 7S to 5.8S rRNA. The nucleolar lo

Meiotic recombination plays dual roles in the evolution and stable inheritance of genomes: Recombination promotes genetic divers

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves impairment of Aβ clearance. Neprilysin (NEP) is the most efficient Aβ peptidase. E

The semi-fossil and pit-less Azemiops feae is possibly the most primitive crotalid species. Here, we have cloned and sequenced c

The emergence of the genotype (G) 2 and re-emergence of the G1 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused severe economic

Cytosolic lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) bind directly to caspase-4/5/11 through their lipid A moiety, inducing inflammatory caspase

The sample grids for cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) experiments are usually prepared at a temperature optimal for the storag

Avocado consumption is associated with numerous health benefits. Avocadyne is a terminally unsaturated, 17-carbon long acetogeni

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-interacting protein with a forkhead-associated domain (TIFA), a key regulator o

The central dogma of biology does not allow for the study of glycans using DNA sequencing. We report a liquid glycan array (LiGA

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes various protein ligands; however, the protein-TLR4 binding model is unclear. Here we demo

Proteins with sequence or structure similar to those of di-Zn exopeptidases are usually classified as the M28-family enzymes, in

Searching for new antimicrobials is a pressing issue to conquer the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and fungi. A

The outbreak of coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has

d-glycero-d-manno-Heptose-1β,7-bisphosphate (HBP) is a bacterial metabolite that can induce a TIFA-dependent innate immune respo

Enterococcus faecalis, a member of the commensal flora in the human gastrointestinal tract, has become a threatening nosocomial

Background: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) first appeared in the city of Wuhan, in the Hubei province of China. Since its eme

Background: Tristetraprolin (TTP) family proteins contain conserved tandem CCCH zinc-finger binding to AU-rich elements and C-te

Trigger factor (TF) is a highly conserved multi-domain molecular chaperone that exerts its chaperone activity at the ribosomal t

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seeds are rich in proteins and are considered to be a beneficial source of plant proteins. In t

MJ0366 from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii is the smallest topologically knotted protein known to date. 92 residues in length, MJ

The conserved bilateral habenular nuclei (HA) in vertebrate diencephalon develop into compartmentalized structures containing ne

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),

Knots have attracted scientists in mathematics, physics, biology, and engineering. Long flexible thin strings easily knot and ta

During August 2020, we carried out a serological survey among students and employees at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Tec

Sialic acid (SA) on the surface of cells is indispensable in numerous physiological and pathological processes, and sensitive an

Primary metabolism in cyanobacteria is built on the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, oxidative pentose phosphate (OPP) pathway

The Lon AAA+ protease (LonA) is a ubiquitous ATP-dependent proteolytic machine, which selectively degrades damaged proteins or n

Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus with potency in selectively infecting and lysing cancerous cells. The cellular recep

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles as they continuously undergo fission and fusion. These dynamic processes conduct not only mi

Redox-dependent inactivation of deubiquitinases (DUBs) is a critical factor for attenuating their DUB activity in response to ce

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM)-based structure determination of small proteins is hindered by the technical challenges assoc

The dynamic assembly of the cell wall is key to the maintenance of cell shape during bacterial growth. Here, we present a method

Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) provides structural context to molecular mechanisms underlying biological processes. Although

Partially acetylated chito-oligosaccharides (paCOSs) are bioactive compounds with potential medical applications. Their biologic

Coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has claim

Mutations in the human ALS2 gene cause recessive juvenile-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and related motor neuron diseases.

Meleagrin B is a terpene-alkaloid hybrid natural product that contains both the conidiogenone and meleagrin scaffold. Their deri

Irinotecan inhibits cell proliferation and thus is used for the primary treatment of colorectal cancer. Metabolism of irinotecan

Genome editing is a powerful technique for delineating complex signaling circuitry and enhancing the functionality of immune cel

Collagen is a major structural component of the extracellular matrix and connective tissue. The key structural feature of collag

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are two major quality control processes whose impairment is linked to a wide

Sialic acid (Sia)-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 7 (Siglec-7) is an inhibitory receptor primarily expressed on natural kille

The formation of succinimide in proteins has attracted considerable attention in protein aging and biopharmaceutical research. T

Most eukaryotes possess two RecA-like recombinases (ubiquitous Rad51 and meiosis-specific Dmc1) to promote interhomolog recombin

Human mitochondrial NAD(P)⁺-dependent malic enzyme (ME2) is well recognized to associate with cancer cell metabolism, and the si

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine playing a central role in protecting cells from microbial pathogen infec

The role of protein stabilization in cortical development remains poorly understood. A recessive mutation in the USP11 gene is f

The piRNA pathway is a highly conserved mechanism to repress transposon activation in the germline in Drosophila and mammals. Th

Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, for which biofilm communities are considered to be envi

Nodal signaling is essential for mesoderm and endoderm formation, as well as neural plate induction and establishment of left-ri

The infectious SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, which is now a global pandemic. Aiming for effective treatments, we focused on the ke

Degradation and collapse of stalled replication forks are main sources of genomic instability, yet the molecular mechanisms for

The arabinogalactan of Corynebacterianeae is a critical heteropolysaccharide that tethers outer membrane mycolic acids to peptid

Bacterial wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are synthesized intracellularly and exported by a two-component transporter, TagGH, compris

Both high-fidelity and mismatch-tolerant recombination, catalyzed by RAD51 and DMC1 recombinases, respectively, are indispensabl

To circumvent the devastating pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, a human

Background: The accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages, foam cells, within sub-endothelial intima is a key feature of early ath

Chemical investigation of the marine soft coral Sarcophyton tenuispiculatum resulted in the isolation of a 1,4-dihydrobenzoquino

Isoprenoids, also known as terpenes or terpenoids, represent a large family of natural products composed of five-carbon isopente

Altered glycosylations, which are associated with expression and activities of glycosyltransferases, can dramatically affect the

Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are essential epigenetic and post-translational regulators in eukaryotic organisms.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), including its variant Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), is an acute peripheral neuropathy that involv

Synthesis of type I LacNAc (Galβ1 → 3GlcNAc) oligosaccharides usually suffers from low yields. We herein report the efficient sy

Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression by therapeutic agents has been suggested as an alternative treatment to modula

TAT (48–60) is a tridecapeptide from the envelope protein of HIV that was previously shown to possess cell-penetrating propertie

Chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT) is a chaperonin composed of eight subunits that participates in intracellular protein folding.

Uropathogenic E scherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common pathogen of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Antibiotic therapy is the

Glucuronoxylomannan (AAPS) from the edible wood ear mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae has been demonstrated to exhibit immunos

Ligand 1 was the first reported example of monomeric high-affinity synthetic CD22 ligand that regulated B cell activation in vit

Synaptic vesicle (SV) endocytosis is coupled to exocytosis to maintain SV pool size and thus neurotransmitter release. Intense s

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of COVID 19, continues to evolve since its first

Acinetobacter baumannii is a prevalent pathogen that can rapidly acquire resistance to antibiotics. Indeed, multidrug-resistant

Pseudaminic acid (Pse), a unique carbohydrate in surface-associated glycans of pathogenic bacteria, has pivotal roles in virulen

Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus-1 (PBCV-1) is a large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus that infects the unicellular green a

Ubiquitination is a versatile posttranslational modification that elicits signaling roles to impact on various cellular processe

BACKGROUND. Inadequate tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics are a major hurdle in the reduction of disease burden, and accurate point-o

Borneol is a bicyclic plant monoterpene. It can be degraded by soil microorganisms through the conversion of borneol dehydrogena

Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) govern efficient neuronal communication with muscle cells, relying on proper architecture of spec

Peroxisomes perform beta-oxidation of branched and very-long chain fatty acids, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen

D-Glycero-D-manno-heptose-1β,7-bisphosphate (HBP) and D-glycero-D-manno-heptose-1β-phosphate (H1P) are bacterial metabolites tha

Ubiquitination and SUMOylation of protein are crucial for various biological responses. The recent unraveling of cross-talk betw

Prion protein amyloid aggregates are associated with infectious neurodegenerative diseases, known as transmissible spongiform en

Extracellular particles (EPs) including extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exomeres play significant roles in diseases and therape

Protein phosphorylation can induce signal transduction to change sperm motility patterns during sperm capacitation. However, cha

Chloroviruses produce a capsid protein containing N-linked glycans differing in structure from those found in all other organism

Objectives: Diets may alter an individual's metabolism and inflammation, collectively leading to the modulation of cardiovascula

The tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (TRIM28) is a transcription corepressor, interacting with histone deacetylase and met

Two systems of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), noncleavable H32-DM1 and cleavable H32-VCMMAE, were developed by using different

In protein engineering and synthetic biology, Methanosarcina mazei pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (MmPy

Tracking DNA double strand break (DSB) repair is paramount for the understanding and therapeutic development of various diseases

Overcoming resistance to bioactive small molecules is a significant challenge for health care and agriculture. As a result, effo

Microcephalin 1 (MCPH1) was identified from genetic mutations in patients with primary autosomal recessive microcephaly. In resp

Life does not sustain without water. For water, there is a natural abundance of stable isotope hydrogen and oxygen. Water molecu

The undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase (UppP) is an integral membrane pyrophosphatase. In bacteria, UppP catalyzes the depho

Chemical examination from the cultured soft coral Sarcophyton digitatum resulted in the isolation and structural identification

We developed micro-liquid enclosure arrays (MLEAs) for holding solution samples in coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) using x-ra

Methanol, being electron rich and derivable from methane or CO₂, is a potentially renewable one-carbon (C1) feedstock for microo

Changes in mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission) are known to occur during stem cell differentiation; however, the role of

The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and coronavirus spike (S) protein mediate virus entry. HA and S proteins are heavily glyc

Covid-19 is caused by a novel form of coronavirus for which there are currently no vaccines or anti-viral drugs. This virus, ter

The 1,3-enyne moiety is commonly found in cyclohexanoid natural products produced by endophytic and plant pathogenic fungi. Aspe

Macrophage glycosylation is essential to initiate the host-immune defense but may also be targeted by pathogens to promote infec

PHRF1 (PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1) suppresses acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) by promoting TGIF (TG-inte

Linker design is crucial to the success of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). In this work, we developed a modular linker format f

Arabinosyltransferase B (EmbB) belongs to a family of membrane-bound glycosyltransferases that build the lipidated polysaccharid

Background: Aberrant fucosylation plays a critical role in lung cancer progression. Nevertheless, the key fucosyltransferase wit

PHRF1 is involved in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling to constrain the formation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (

During the microbial degradation of borneol, a bicyclic plant monoterpene, it is first converted into camphor by borneol dehydro

Methanosarcina mazei pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) and its cognate tRNA have been evolved to generate genetically encoded n

Although recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS) have enabled meaningful glycoproteomic undertakings, many technical limitatio

Immunotherapies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoints

Metastasis, the movement of cancer cells from one site to another, is responsible for the highest number of cancer deaths, espec

Dmc1 recombinases are essential to homologous recombination in meiosis. Here, we studied the kinetics of the nucleoprotein filam

Mitochondrial aging, which results in mitochondrial dysfunction, is strongly linked to many age-related diseases. Aging is assoc

Natural killer (NK) cells are an attractive cell-type for adoptive immunotherapy, but challenges in preparation of therapeutic p

Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, a disease that kills over 1 million people each year. Its cell envelope is a com

We have developed enabling techniques for sulfoglycomics based on MALDI-MS mapping and MS/MS sequencing of permethylated sulfate

Sulfated glycans are barely detectable in routine mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycomic analysis due to ion suppression by the s

Selective inhibitors of gut bacterial β-glucuronidases (GUSs) are of particular interest in the prevention of xenobiotic-induced

Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1, DAPk, DAPK) is known for its involvement in apoptosis and autophagy-associated cell de

Organelle-specific delivery systems are of significant clinical interest. We demonstrate the use of common cyanine dyes Cy3 and

Siglecs are transmembrane receptor-like vertebrate lectins that recognize glycans containing sialic acid. Most Siglecs also inte

(-)-Aurantioclavine (1), which contains a characteristic seven-membered ring fused to an indole ring, belongs to the azepinoindo

The Methanosarcina mazei pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS)⋅tRNA^Pyl pair can be used to incorporate non-canonical amino acids (n

The synthesis of a library of bacterial phosphoglycolipid, PGL-1, is described. Key features of the synthesis include regioselec

Aims: The myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is almost inevitable since reperfusion is the only established treatment

Helicobacter pylori, the most common etiologic agent of gastric diseases including gastric cancer, is auxotrophic for cholestero

Siglecs are a family of transmembrane receptor-like glycan-recognition proteins expressed primarily on leukocytes. Majority of S

Precise noncoding RNA (ncRNA)-based network prediction is necessary to reveal ncRNA functions and pathological mechanisms. Here,

X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) opened up a possibility for molecular-scale single particle imaging (SPI) without the need fo

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is an effector delivery system used by Gram-negative bacteria to kill other bacteria or euka

Cellulosomes, which are multienzyme complexes from anaerobic bacteria, are considered nature's finest cellulolytic machinery. Th

Knotted proteins are some of the most fascinating examples of how linear polypeptide chains can achieve intricate topological ar

Environmental cues such as nutrients alter cellular behaviors by acting on a wide array of molecular sensors inside cells. Of em

Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is an alphacoronavirus that causes a nearly 100% mortality rate without effective tre

WD40 proteins control many cellular processes via protein interactions. Drosophila Wuho (Wh, a WD40 protein) controls fertility,

Antiviral drug resistance in influenza infections has been a major threat to public health. To develop a broad-spectrum inhibito

Background: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely used in industry and medicine. Anti-PEG antibodies have been developed for chara

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is used by many bacteria to engage in social behavior and can affect the health of its host

Siglec-15 is a member of the Siglec family of glycan-recognition proteins, primarily expressed on a subset of myeloid cells. Sig

Cullin 3 (Cul3) family of ubiquitin ligases comprises three components, the RING finger protein RBX1, the Cul3 scaffold, and a B

Galectins are β-galactoside-binding animal lectins primarily found in the cytosol, while their carbohydrate ligands are mainly d

Protein functions are temperature-dependent, but protein structures are usually solved at a single (often low) temperature becau

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide due to metastasis. Paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1) up

Aculenes are a unique class of norsequiterpenes (C₁₄ ) that are produced by Aspergillus aculeatus. The nordaucane skeleton in ac

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of axial inflammation. Over time, some patients develop spinal ankylosis and permanent dis

Background: To produce second-generation biofuels, enzymatic catalysis is required to convert cellulose from lignocellulosic bio