中央研究院 生物化學研究所

Human inflammation-related CC chemokine ligand 5 (hCCL5) has significant self-assembly property under physiological conditions.

Bacteriophages offer a promising alternative to drug-based treatments due to their effectiveness and host specificity. This is p

Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are multifunctional biomolecules crucial for infant health, with established roles in immune

Exosomes play pleiotropic tumor-promoting functions and are secreted by fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with the plasma m

CD22 (also known as Siglec-2) is a member of the Siglec family of glycan-recognition proteins and functions as a negative regula

The bifunctional l-fucokinase/GDP-β-l-fucose pyrophosphorylase (FKP) from Bacteroides fragilis catalyzes the conversion from l-f

In this study, the role of phosphorylation in the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of tau, the underlying driving forces, a

During meiosis, programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are formed at hotspots to initiate homologous recombination, which is

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a master transcriptional regulator of systemic insulin sensitivity and e

Isomerization of L-aspartate (L-Asp) into D-aspartate (D-Asp) occurs naturally in proteins at a rate that is much faster than th

The autophagy-lysosomal system comprises a highly dynamic and interconnected vesicular network that plays a central role in main

Lon is a conserved AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) proteolytic machine that plays a key regulatory ro

Both immunoglobulin light-chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL) and multiple myeloma (MM) share the overproduction of a clonal LC. However

Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is the most common systemic amyloid disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of amyloid fibri

Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is the earliest CoV found to infect humans. It binds to the human aminopeptidase N (hAPN) thr

Carbohydrate sulfation plays a pivotal role in modulating the strength of Siglec-glycan interactions. Recently, new aspects of S

Colon cancer development may be initiated by multiple factors, including chronic inflammation, genetic disposition, and gut dysb

Cell division in Escherichia coli is intricately regulated by the MinD and MinE proteins, which form oscillatory waves between c

Background: Rho GTPases are essential regulators for cellular movement and intracellular membrane trafficking. Their enzymatic a

A class of tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-a:5,4-a′]diisoquinoline derivatives were synthesized under environmentally friendly conditions

In the present work, bacterial glycosyltransferases are utilized to construct ganglioside glycans in a convergent approach via a

Free oligosaccharides in human milk have many biological functions for infant health. The reducing end of most human milk oligos

Poxviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that represent the largest known highly pathogenic viruses infecting humans. They und

Capsules are long-chain carbohydrate polymers that envelop the surfaces of many bacteria, protecting them from host immune respo

Potassium ion (K⁺) is the most abundant metal ion in cells and plays an indispensable role in practically all biological systems

Cancer cells with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) exhibit a distinctive vulnerability to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase i

Histidine modifications of proteins are broadly based on chemical methods triggering N-substitution reactions such as aza-Michae

Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are important posttranslational modifying enzymes in eukaryotic proteins and regulat

Protein A075L is a β-xylosyltransferase that participates in producing the core of the N-glycans found in VP54, the major viral

Shrimp acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is one of the most devastating diseases to impact the global shrimp farmi

Interhomolog recombination in meiosis requires a meiosis-specific recombinase, Dmc1. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Mei5-Sae3

Homologous recombination during meiosis is critical for chromosome segregation and also gives rise to genetic diversity. Genetic

Initial studies on the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2) S glycoprotein ("spike") as a protein subunit vaccine suggested sub-

Synthesis of Galβ1 → 3GlcNAc-repeating saccharides is limited mainly by the formation of less-reactive oxazolines. We herein rep

As methanol can be derived from either CO₂ or methane, methanol economy can play an important role in combating climate change.

Helicobacter pylori, a dominant member of the gastric microbiota was associated with various gastrointestinal diseases and prese

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the most diverse group of membrane receptors with a conserved structure of seven t

Here, we present a protocol for the in vitro phosphorylation of Src kinase domain (SrcKD), preparation of phospho-SrcKD in compl

The IL6-GP130-STAT3 pathway facilitates lung cancer progression and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Although glycosyla

Knotted proteins are present in nature, but there is still an open issue regarding the existence of a universal role for these r

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling is critical for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and colorectal cancer (CRC)

During neuronal pruning, phagocytes engulf shed cellular debris to avoid inflammation and maintain tissue homeostasis. How phago

Eukaryotic ribosomal proteins contain extended regions essential for translation coordination. Dedicated chaperones stabilize th

The bacterial genus Salmonella includes diverse isolates with multiple variations in the structure of the main polysaccharide co

A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a global pandemic disaster and a r

The fucosylation of glycoproteins regulates diverse physiological processes. Inhibitors that can control cellular levels of prot

Klebsiella pneumoniae provides influential prototypes for lipopolysaccharide O antigen (OPS) biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacte

Peptidoglycan (PG) sacculi surround the cytoplasmic membrane, maintaining cell integrity by withstanding internal turgor pressur

Nucleoid-associated proteins play a crucial role in the compaction and regulation of genetic material across organisms. The Sac1

A de novo asymmetric strategy for the synthesis of d-bradyrhizose diastereomers from an achiral ketoenolester precursor is descr

The causative pathogen of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), utilizes the receptor-binding

Visualizing liposome release profiles in small animals is important for evaluating the pharmacokinetic influence of vesicles. En

Ovarian carcinoma is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage with peritoneal dissemination and/or lymph node metastasis, and the

Prions, the misfolding form of prion proteins, are contagious proteinaceous macromolecules. Recent studies have shown that infec

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a leading factor of liver-related death worldwide. ALD has various manifestations that

Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 has been continuously evolving, hampering the effectiveness of current vaccines against COVID-19

Cell surface glycans are major drivers of antigenic diversity in bacteria. The biochemistry and molecular biology underpinning t

We report the discovery and biosynthesis of new piperazine alkaloids-arizonamides, and their derived compounds-arizolidines, fea

Formation of programmed DNA double-strand breaks is essential for initiating meiotic recombination. Genetic studies on Arabidops

The K⁺ uptake system KtrAB is essential for bacterial survival in low K⁺ environments. The activity of KtrAB is regulated by nuc

Arsenite-induced stress granule (SG) formation can be cleared by the ubiquitin-proteasome system aided by the ATP-dependent unfo

Background: Helicobacter pylori, the main cause of various gastric diseases, infects approximately half of the human population.

Mycobacterium abscessus is increasingly recognized as the causative agent of chronic pulmonary infections in humans. One of the

The Lon proteases are evolutionarily conserved oligomeric hydrolases characterized by a built-in ATPase module. Here, we report

Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a highly conserved molecule in RNA viruses, has recently emerged as a promising drug

Deinagkistrodon acutus is a medically important pitviper inhabiting mainly South China and Taiwan. The hemorrhagic effects of it

The use of pharmacological chaperones (PCs) to stabilize specific enzymes and impart a therapeutic benefit is an emerging strate

Keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycan is composed of repeating N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) disaccharide units consisting of galacto

K2-capsular Klebsiella pneumoniae is a hypervirulent pathogen that causes fatal infections. Here, we describe a phage tailspike

Pseudaminic acid (Pse) on pathogenic bacteria exopolysaccharide engages with the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin

Most membrane proteins are modified by covalent addition of complex sugars through N- and O-glycosylation. Unlike proteins, glyc

The theories for substrate recognition in enzyme catalysis have evolved from lock-key to induced fit, then conformational select

Hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 (C9) is the most prevalent mutation among amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient

A mutant of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) detected in early-onset neurodegenerative patients, UCHL1_R178Q, showed hig

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) assembles into a contractile nanomachine to inject effectors across bacterial membranes for

Knotted proteins are fascinating to biophysicists because of their robust ability to fold into intricately defined three-dimensi

Campylobacters are important causes of gastrointestinal illness and the capsular polysaccharides (CPS) they produce are key viru

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays important roles in multiple cellular events, including growth, differentiation

Hirudins, natural sulfo(glyco)proteins, are clinical anticoagulants that directly inhibit thrombin, a key coagulation factor. Th

The canine anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody is a potential therapeutic option for treating canine arthritis. The current treatment

Genome integrity is threatened by solar ultraviolet (UV) light, which reacts with adjacent DNA pyrimidine bases to produce undes

Background: Increasing evidence supports that antibodies can protect against active tuberculosis (TB) but knowledge of potential

Glomerular podocytes are instrumental for the barrier function of the kidney, and podocyte injury contributes to proteinuria and

Proteins can spontaneously tie a variety of intricate topological knots through twisting and threading of the polypeptide chains

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon gene (STING) signaling pathway plays a critical protective role agai

Identifying residues critical to protein-protein binding and efficient design of stable and specific protein binders are challen

Hybrid natural products are compounds that originate from diverse biosynthetic pathways and undergo a conjugation process, which

The T5 family of viruses are tailed bacteriophages characterized by a long non-contractile tail. The bacteriophage DT57C is clos

The structure determination of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP): phospho-protein complexes, which is essential to understand h

Phycobilisomes (PBS) are antenna megacomplexes that transfer energy to photosystems II and I in thylakoids. PBS likely evolved f

Photolyases, a ubiquitous class of flavoproteins, use blue light to repair DNA photolesions. In this work, we determined the str

Background/aim: PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1 (PHRF1) ubiquitinates TGIP (TG-interacting protein) and redistri

Eukaryotic dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthases (DHDDSs), cis-prenyltransferases (cis-PTs) synthesizing precursors of dolichols

Keeping replication fork stable is essential for safeguarding genome integrity; hence, its protection is highly regulated. The C

Fork reversal is a conserved mechanism to prevent stalled replication forks from collapsing. Formation and protection of reverse

Homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair is a prerequisite for maintaining genome stability. Cancer cells displaying HR

Purinosomes serve as metabolons to enhance de novo purine synthesis (DNPS) efficiency through compartmentalizing DNPS enzymes du

Drimane-type sesquiterpenes (DTSs) are significant terpenoid natural products characterized by their unique C₁₅ bicyclic skeleto

Many AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) proteins function as protein or DNA remodelers by threading the

A class of 1-(4-(arylethylenylcarbonyl)phenyl)-4-carboxy-2-pyrrolidinones were designed and synthesized via Michael addition, cy

The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2, resulting in the emergence of new variants that are resistant to existing vaccines and ther

The peptidoglycan layer is a defining characteristic of bacterial cells, providing them with structural support and osmotic prot

Translational readthrough of UGA stop codons by selenocysteine-specific tRNA (tRNASec) enables the synthesis of selenoproteins.

A better understanding of the epitopes most relevant for antibody-mediated protection against tuberculosis (TB) remains a major

Complete coverage of all N-glycosylation sites on the SARS-CoV2 spike protein would require the use of multiple proteases in add

PmrA, an OmpR/PhoB-family response regulator, triggers gene transcription responsible for polymyxin resistance in bacteria by re

Once thought to be non-naturally occurring, D-amino acids (DAAs) have in recent years been revealed to play a wide range of phys

Aberrant overexpression or activation of EGFR drives the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and acquired resistan

Vibrio α-hemolysins (αHLs) are β-pore-forming toxins secreted by Vibrio pathogens, crucial for the facilitation of bacterial inf

Mitochondria adapt to changing cellular environments, stress stimuli, and metabolic demands through dramatic morphological remod

CP74 is an engineered circular permutant of a deep trefoil knotted SpoU-TrmD (SPOUT) RNA methyl transferase protein YbeA from E.

The abuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microbial pathogens, presenting a pressing challenge in

Membrane proteins are challenging to analyze by native mass spectrometry (MS) as their hydrophobic nature typically requires sta

Cellular glycosylation is characterized by chemical complexity and heterogeneity, which is challenging to reproduce syntheticall

Accumulating evidence has shown that the quality of proteins must be tightly monitored and controlled to maintain cellular prote

We used the deep learning tool ProteinMPNN to redesign ubiquitin (Ub) as a specific and functionally stimulating/enhancing binde

ATP-dependent RAD51 recombinases play an essential role in eukaryotic homologous recombination by catalyzing a four-step process

PHRF1 is an E3 ligase that promotes TGF-β signaling by ubiquitinating a homeodomain repressor TG-interacting factor (TGIF). The

The Gram-negative anaerobe, Porphyromonas gingivalis, is known to be a pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis. P. gingiv

The intracellular phosphatase domain of the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (PTPRA) is known to regulate variou

Regulation of CO₂ fixation in cyanobacteria is important both for the organism and global carbon balance. Here we show that phos

Carbapenemase and extended β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates represent a major health threat, stimulating inc

Most rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars cannot survive under prolonged submergence. However, some O. sativa ssp. indica cultivars, su

Background: Microglia are an integral part of central nervous system, but our understanding of microglial biology is limited due

Great effort has been devoted to discovering the basis of A3G-Vif interaction, the key event of HIV's counteraction mechanism to

The TFIIF-like Rpc53/Rpc37 heterodimer of RNA polymerase (pol) III is involved in various stages of transcription. The C-termina

Trimeresurus gracilis is an endemic alpine pitviper in Taiwan with controversial phylogeny, and its venom proteome remains unkno

TRIM28/KAP1/TIF1β is a crucial epigenetic modifier. Genetic ablation of trim28 is embryonic lethal, although RNAi-mediated knock

Noroviruses, the major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis, are known to bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), including

Determination of sub-100 kilodalton (kDa) structures by cryo-electron microscopy (EM) is a longstanding but not straightforward

Activation of tumor-intrinsic innate immunity has been a major strategy for improving immunotherapy. Previously, we reported an

Inorganic phosphate (P_i) is one of the essential molecules for life. However, little is known about intracellular P_i metabolism

Human mitochondrial NAD(P)⁺-dependent malic enzyme (ME2) is well-known for its role in cell metabolism, which may be involved in

The long non-coding telomeric RNA transcript TERRA, in the form of an RNA-DNA duplex, regulates telomere recombination. In a scr

Nearly 95% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurs sporadically without genetic linkage. Aging, hypertension, high cholesterol conten

Mammalian cells can turn over peroxisomes through Stub1-mediated pexophagy. The pathway potentially permits cellular control of

KpsC is a dual-module glycosyltransferase (GT) essential for "group 2" capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Escherichia coli

Immunomodulatory Siglecs are controlled by their glycoprotein and glycolipid ligands. Siglec-glycolipid interactions are often s

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a very large dsDNA virus. The accepted shape of the WSSV virion has been as ellipsoidal, wit

The synthesis of the cell-wall peptidoglycan during bacterial cell division is mediated by a multiprotein machine, called the di

Enterocloster bolteae (formerly known as Clostridium bolteae) is a gastro-intestinal pathogenic bacterium often detected in the

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by cells to mediate intercellular communication under pathological and physiological c

Since the discovery of protein tyrosine phosphorylation as one of the critical post-translational modifications, it has been wel

The cDNAs encoding the Zn⁺²-metalloproteases (SVMPs) of Trimeresurus gracilis (abbreviated as Tgc), a pitviper endemic to Taiwan

Terpenoids represent the largest structural family of natural products (NPs) and have various applications in the pharmaceutical

Synthetic biology tools for regulating gene expression have many useful biotechnology and therapeutic applications. Most tools d

(-)-Antrocin (1), produced by the medicinal mushroom, Antrodia cinnamomea, is a potent anti-proliferative compound. The biosynth

The coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) protein is known to bind to nucleic acids and facilitate viral genome encapsulation. Here we re

Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen that can be resistant to antibiotics by rapidly modulating its anti-drug mechan

Understanding the structural diversity of honeybee-infecting viruses is critical to maintain pollinator health and manage the sp

Galectin-4, a member of the galectin family of animal glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), is specifically expressed in gastrointesti

Patients with mutations of WDR4, a substrate adaptor of the CUL4 E3 ligase complex, develop cerebellar atrophy and gait phenotyp

It is well known that insulating samples can accumulate electric charges from exposure to an electron beam. How the accumulation

Climate change is a defining challenge of the 21st century, and this decade is a critical time for action to mitigate the worst

We developed a versatile asymmetric strategy to synthesize different classes of sulfoglycolipids (SGLs) from Mycobacterium tuber

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), released as byproducts of mitochondrial metabolism or as products of NADPH oxidases and other pro

Amyloidogenesis, self-propagation of protein or peptide monomers to amyloid fibrils, has been linked to incurable pathogenesis o

Replication fork reversal which restrains DNA replication progression is an important protective mechanism in response to replic

Spiro[pyran-4-quinolines] were synthesized in two steps from exo-glycals. The first step involved the double additions of anilin

G-protein-coupled receptors signal through cognate G proteins. Despite the widespread importance of these receptors, their regul

Autophagy has emerged as the prime machinery for implementing organelle quality control. In the context of mitophagy, the ubiqui

Three new 2-guanidinoethanesulfonyl sesquiterpene analogues of (−)-agelasidine A, agelasidines G–I (1–3), were isolated from a m

Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a ubiquitous chaperone to interact with numerous proteins to regulate multiple cellular process

The pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) facilitates the co-translational installation of the 22^nd amino acid pyrrolysine. Owing t

Tissue (re)vascularization strategies face various challenges, as therapeutic cells do not survive long enough in situ, while th

WbbB, a lipopolysaccharide O-antigen synthesis enzyme from Raoultella terrigena, contains an N-terminal glycosyltransferase doma

Human cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) is a complex, functionally important and glycan rich biological fluid, fundamental in mediating

Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of several gastric diseases including gastric cancer. To reach

Modulation of presynaptic actin dynamics is fundamental to synaptic growth and functional plasticity; yet the underlying molecul

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial cellular nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis. AMPK als

The ATP binding sites of many enzymes are structurally related, which complicates their development as therapeutic targets. In t

The development of a ligand-assisted imprinting probe (i.e., LIP 1) for the site-specific labeling of recombinant Siglec-7 prote

A route for preparing lipooligosaccharide (LOS) glycans from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Canetti was developed and applied to the

The edible fungus Tremella fuciformis was shown to have a high molecular weight (1.87 × 10³ kDa) bioactive polysaccharide, denot

Galectin-3 (GAL3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin expressed in CD4 T cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1

SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, causing waves of the pandemic. Up to May 2022, 10 million genome sequences have accumulated, whi

Eggshell membrane (ESM), a plentiful biological waste, consists of collagen-like proteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious swine disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). PED cause

To transform cellulose from biomass into fermentable sugars for biofuel production requires efficient enzymatic degradation of c

We report the de novo asymmetric synthesis of the 3,6-dideoxy sugars abequose, paratose, and tyvelose from 2-acetylfuran. C

Application of B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway inhibitor ibrutinib for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a major breakthrough,

A new 2-guanidinoethanesulfonyl sesquiterpene, cyclohexylagelasidine A (1), and a known compound (–)-agelasidine A (2), were iso

Fibrils of the hamster prion peptide (sHaPrP, sequence 108-144) were prepared in an acidic solution, and their structure was sol

Trichodesmium, a major diazotroph in tropical and subtropical oceans, provides a significant amount of bioavailable nitrogen in

Naturally occurring N-glycans display much diversity in modifications, linkages, and peripheral presentation of the oligosacchar

Prion protein is composed of a structure-unsolved N-terminal domain and a globular C-terminal domain. Under limited trypsin dige

High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) result in oxidative stress, which damages cells and leads to the development of man

We report the isolation and stereochemical determination of the predominant native cholesteryl 6-O-phosphatidyl α-glucoside (CPG

N-glycans are diversified by a panel of glycosyltransferases in the Golgi, which are supposed to modify various glycoproteins in

Background: With the continuous emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants that feature increased transmission and immune escape, ther

Background: Metastasis and chemoresistance are major culprits of cancer mortality, but factors contributing to these processes a

Protein/peptide aggregation-induced cell death is the culprit of many neurodegenerative diseases. Many peptide drugs were design

TRIM28 is a scaffold protein that interacts with DNA-binding proteins and recruits corepressor complexes to cause gene silencing

The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex connects the cytoskeleton with base membrane components such as laminin through unique O-gly

Piperazine-derived diazabicycles are privileged structures found in natural products and synthetic chemical entities, including

Flavin coenzymes are universally found in biological redox reactions. DNA photolyases, with their flavin chromophore (FAD), util

Subcellular localization of the deubiquitinating enzyme BAP1 is deterministic for its tumor suppressor activity. While the monou

Prion diseases are transmissible fatal neurodegenerative disorders spreading between humans and other mammals. The pathogenic ag

Siglec-7 (sialic acid–binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 7) is an immune checkpoint-like glycan recognition protein on natural k

We herein reported the first chemoenzymatic synthesis of lacto-N-hexaose (LNH) by combining chemical carbohydrate synthesis with

Genome editing by the delivery of pre-assembled Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (Cas9 RNP) is an increasingly popular approach for cell

Data from the World Health Organisation show that the global incidence of dengue infection has risen drastically, with an estima

The coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has bec

BRAC1 associated protein-1 (BAP1) is a major tumor suppressor involved in many cancers. The deubiquitinase (DUB) activity of BAP

Bacterial polyynes are highly active natural products with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. However, their detailed

Background: Autophagy plays important roles in cell homeostasis and protein quality control. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have

Most known cellulase-associated carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are attached to the N- or C-terminus of the enzyme or are ex

Bacterial surface polysaccharides are assembled by glycosyltransferase enzymes that typically use sugar nucleotide or polyprenyl

Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase (EcGS) spontaneously forms a dodecamer that catalytically converts glutamate to glutamine.

OLA1 is a P-loop ATPase, implicated in centrosome duplication through the interactions with tumor suppressors BRCA1 and BARD1. D

Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) form a large protease family involved in a myriad of biological and pathological processes, incl

Zebrafish is a popular research model; but its mechanism of sex determination is unclear and the sex of juvenile fish cannot be

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is increasingly applied to study the structures and interactions of membrane protein c

A one-pot strategy for functionalizing pyranoside 1,2-cis-diols with two different ester protecting groups is reported. The appr

Wild tomatoes (Solanum peruvianum) are important genomic resources for tomato research and breeding. Development of a foreign DN

Recent developments in the instrumentation and data analysis of synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) on biomolecules

In Vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototype poxvirus, scaffold protein D13 forms a honeycomb-like lattice on the viral membrane that

Nature Communications Editors’ Highlights - “Microbiology and infectious diseases”

The combination of EGF, CHIR99021, A83-01, SB4

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a worldwide cancer with rising annual incidence. New medications for patients with CRC ar

Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important pathogen associated with nosocomial infection and has developed increasing resistance to a

Enzymatic synthesis that is commenced by the sugar nucleotide regeneration system (SNRS) protocol can minimize 1) the consumptio

Biological CO₂ fixation is so far the most effective means for CO₂ reduction at scale and accounts for most of the CO₂ fixed on

Excessive generation and accumulation of highly reactive oxidizing molecules causes oxidative stress and oxidative damage to cel

Bacterial cells are encased in peptidoglycan (PG), a polymer of disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetyl-muramic a

Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype KN2 is a carbapenem-resistant strain and leads to the health care-associated infections, such as

Background: K1 capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-associated Klebsiella pneumoniae is the primary cause of pyogenic liver abscesses (

An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) first detected in Wuhan, China, has created a public health emergency all over

Specific antibody interactions with short peptides have made epitope tagging systems a vital tool employed in virtually all fiel

Extensive glycosylation of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus not only shields the major

Trimeresurus gracilis (Tgc) is endemic to Taiwan and shown to be closely related with Ovophis okinavensis by previous phylogenet

Since 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been rapidly spreading worldwide, causing hundreds

Single-cell proteomics can reveal cellular phenotypic heterogeneity and cell-specific functional networks underlying biological

T-Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (TCPTP, PTPN2) is a non-receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase that is ubiquitously expr

Emerging evidence suggests that host glycans influence severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. H

The T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP/PTPN2) targets a broad variety of substrates across different subcellular compart

Mass spectrometry-based high-sensitivity mapping of terminal glycotopes relies on diagnostic MS² and/or MS³ ions that can differ

The imaging of peptidoglycan (PGN) dynamics in living bacteria facilitates the understanding of PGN biosynthesis and wall-target

The catalog of enzymes known to catalyze the nucleophile-assisted formation of C-C bonds is extremely small, and there is presen

Alterations of protein glycosylation are closely related with pathophysiological regulation. Due to the structural macro- and mi

This study reports the application of expanding genetic codes in developing protein cage-based delivery systems. The evolved Met

Background: RAD51-dependent homologous recombination (HR) is one of the most important pathways for repairing DNA double-strand

The mechanisms that underlie the extensive phenotypic diversity in genetic disorders are poorly understood. Here, we develop a l

The immunomodulatory family of Siglecs recognizes sialic acid-containing glycans as “self”, which is exploited in cancer for imm

α-Dystroglycan (α-DG) is a glycoprotein specifically modified with O-mannosyl glycans bearing long polysaccharides, termed matri

The outer surfaces of mycobacteria, including the organism that causes tuberculosis, are decorated with an array of immunomodula

The Lon protease is the prototype of a family of proteolytic machines with adenosine triphosphatase modules built into a substra

Replication stress causes replication fork stalling, resulting in an accumulation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Replication pr

Glycoproteomics is a powerful yet analytically challenging research tool. Software packages aiding the interpretation of complex

Background: During autophagy defense against invading microbes, certain lipid types are indispensable for generating specialized

Development of effective therapeutics for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic is a pressing global need. Neutralizing antibodies ar

Histone arginine methylation is a key post-translational modification that mediates epigenetic events that activate or repress g

The D614G mutation in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 alters the fitness of the virus, leading to the dominant form observed in

Versatile genome editing can be facilitated by the insertion of DNA sequences into specific locations. Current protocols involvi

Glycolipids are prominent components of bacterial membranes that play critical roles not only in maintaining the structural inte

Lon is an evolutionarily conserved proteolytic machine carrying out a wide spectrum of biological activities by degrading misfol

Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular pathway for the degradation of cytoplasmic materials. Unde

The surface polysacharide arabinomannan (AM) and related glycolipid lipoarabinomannan (LAM) play critical roles in tuberculosis

The Lon AAA+ (adenosine triphosphatases associated with diverse cellular activities) protease (LonA) converts ATP-fuelled confor

Plant diseases are important issues in agriculture, and the development of effective and environment-friendly means of disease c

The biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a key immunomodulatory molecule produced by gram-negative bacteria, has been a top

Natural killer (NK) cells are potent innate immune cells that provide the surveillance and elimination of infected, stressed, an

Background: Plectranthus amboinicus (Spreng.) is an herb commonly used in folk medicine and food by several Asian countries. The

The B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 first detected in the UK harbors amino-acid substitutions and deletions in the spike protein t

Human PUF-A/PUM3 is a RNA and DNA binding protein participating in the nucleolar processing of 7S to 5.8S rRNA. The nucleolar lo

Meiotic recombination plays dual roles in the evolution and stable inheritance of genomes: Recombination promotes genetic divers

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves impairment of Aβ clearance. Neprilysin (NEP) is the most efficient Aβ peptidase. E

The semi-fossil and pit-less Azemiops feae is possibly the most primitive crotalid species. Here, we have cloned and sequenced c

The emergence of the genotype (G) 2 and re-emergence of the G1 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused severe economic

Cytosolic lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) bind directly to caspase-4/5/11 through their lipid A moiety, inducing inflammatory caspase

The sample grids for cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) experiments are usually prepared at a temperature optimal for the storag

Avocado consumption is associated with numerous health benefits. Avocadyne is a terminally unsaturated, 17-carbon long acetogeni

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-interacting protein with a forkhead-associated domain (TIFA), a key regulator o

The central dogma of biology does not allow for the study of glycans using DNA sequencing. We report a liquid glycan array (LiGA

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes various protein ligands; however, the protein-TLR4 binding model is unclear. Here we demo

Proteins with sequence or structure similar to those of di-Zn exopeptidases are usually classified as the M28-family enzymes, in

Searching for new antimicrobials is a pressing issue to conquer the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and fungi. A

The outbreak of coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has

d-glycero-d-manno-Heptose-1β,7-bisphosphate (HBP) is a bacterial metabolite that can induce a TIFA-dependent innate immune respo

Enterococcus faecalis, a member of the commensal flora in the human gastrointestinal tract, has become a threatening nosocomial

Background: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) first appeared in the city of Wuhan, in the Hubei province of China. Since its eme

Background: Tristetraprolin (TTP) family proteins contain conserved tandem CCCH zinc-finger binding to AU-rich elements and C-te

Trigger factor (TF) is a highly conserved multi-domain molecular chaperone that exerts its chaperone activity at the ribosomal t

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seeds are rich in proteins and are considered to be a beneficial source of plant proteins. In t

MJ0366 from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii is the smallest topologically knotted protein known to date. 92 residues in length, MJ

The conserved bilateral habenular nuclei (HA) in vertebrate diencephalon develop into compartmentalized structures containing ne

The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),

Knots have attracted scientists in mathematics, physics, biology, and engineering. Long flexible thin strings easily knot and ta

During August 2020, we carried out a serological survey among students and employees at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Tec

Sialic acid (SA) on the surface of cells is indispensable in numerous physiological and pathological processes, and sensitive an

Primary metabolism in cyanobacteria is built on the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, oxidative pentose phosphate (OPP) pathway

The Lon AAA+ protease (LonA) is a ubiquitous ATP-dependent proteolytic machine, which selectively degrades damaged proteins or n

Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus with potency in selectively infecting and lysing cancerous cells. The cellular recep

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles as they continuously undergo fission and fusion. These dynamic processes conduct not only mi

Redox-dependent inactivation of deubiquitinases (DUBs) is a critical factor for attenuating their DUB activity in response to ce

Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM)-based structure determination of small proteins is hindered by the technical challenges assoc

The dynamic assembly of the cell wall is key to the maintenance of cell shape during bacterial growth. Here, we present a method

Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) provides structural context to molecular mechanisms underlying biological processes. Although

Partially acetylated chito-oligosaccharides (paCOSs) are bioactive compounds with potential medical applications. Their biologic

Coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has claim

Mutations in the human ALS2 gene cause recessive juvenile-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and related motor neuron diseases.

Meleagrin B is a terpene-alkaloid hybrid natural product that contains both the conidiogenone and meleagrin scaffold. Their deri

Irinotecan inhibits cell proliferation and thus is used for the primary treatment of colorectal cancer. Metabolism of irinotecan

Genome editing is a powerful technique for delineating complex signaling circuitry and enhancing the functionality of immune cel

Collagen is a major structural component of the extracellular matrix and connective tissue. The key structural feature of collag

The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are two major quality control processes whose impairment is linked to a wide

Sialic acid (Sia)-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 7 (Siglec-7) is an inhibitory receptor primarily expressed on natural kille

The formation of succinimide in proteins has attracted considerable attention in protein aging and biopharmaceutical research. T

Most eukaryotes possess two RecA-like recombinases (ubiquitous Rad51 and meiosis-specific Dmc1) to promote interhomolog recombin

Human mitochondrial NAD(P)⁺-dependent malic enzyme (ME2) is well recognized to associate with cancer cell metabolism, and the si

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine playing a central role in protecting cells from microbial pathogen infec

The role of protein stabilization in cortical development remains poorly understood. A recessive mutation in the USP11 gene is f

The piRNA pathway is a highly conserved mechanism to repress transposon activation in the germline in Drosophila and mammals. Th

Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, for which biofilm communities are considered to be envi

Nodal signaling is essential for mesoderm and endoderm formation, as well as neural plate induction and establishment of left-ri

The infectious SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, which is now a global pandemic. Aiming for effective treatments, we focused on the ke

Degradation and collapse of stalled replication forks are main sources of genomic instability, yet the molecular mechanisms for

The arabinogalactan of Corynebacterianeae is a critical heteropolysaccharide that tethers outer membrane mycolic acids to peptid

Bacterial wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are synthesized intracellularly and exported by a two-component transporter, TagGH, compris

Both high-fidelity and mismatch-tolerant recombination, catalyzed by RAD51 and DMC1 recombinases, respectively, are indispensabl

To circumvent the devastating pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, a human

Background: The accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages, foam cells, within sub-endothelial intima is a key feature of early ath

Chemical investigation of the marine soft coral Sarcophyton tenuispiculatum resulted in the isolation of a 1,4-dihydrobenzoquino

Isoprenoids, also known as terpenes or terpenoids, represent a large family of natural products composed of five-carbon isopente

Altered glycosylations, which are associated with expression and activities of glycosyltransferases, can dramatically affect the

Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are essential epigenetic and post-translational regulators in eukaryotic organisms.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), including its variant Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), is an acute peripheral neuropathy that involv

Synthesis of type I LacNAc (Galβ1 → 3GlcNAc) oligosaccharides usually suffers from low yields. We herein report the efficient sy

Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression by therapeutic agents has been suggested as an alternative treatment to modula

TAT (48–60) is a tridecapeptide from the envelope protein of HIV that was previously shown to possess cell-penetrating propertie

Chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT) is a chaperonin composed of eight subunits that participates in intracellular protein folding.

Uropathogenic E scherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common pathogen of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Antibiotic therapy is the

Glucuronoxylomannan (AAPS) from the edible wood ear mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae has been demonstrated to exhibit immunos

Ligand 1 was the first reported example of monomeric high-affinity synthetic CD22 ligand that regulated B cell activation in vit

Synaptic vesicle (SV) endocytosis is coupled to exocytosis to maintain SV pool size and thus neurotransmitter release. Intense s

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of COVID 19, continues to evolve since its first

Acinetobacter baumannii is a prevalent pathogen that can rapidly acquire resistance to antibiotics. Indeed, multidrug-resistant

Pseudaminic acid (Pse), a unique carbohydrate in surface-associated glycans of pathogenic bacteria, has pivotal roles in virulen

Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus-1 (PBCV-1) is a large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus that infects the unicellular green a