01
The bifunctional l-fucokinase/GDP-β-l-fucose pyrophosphorylase (FKP) from Bacteroides fragilis catalyzes the conversion from l-f
The bifunctional l-fucokinase/GDP-β-l-fucose pyrophosphorylase (FKP) from Bacteroides fragilis catalyzes the conversion from l-f
In this study, the role of phosphorylation in the liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) of tau, the underlying driving forces, a
During meiosis, programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are formed at hotspots to initiate homologous recombination, which is
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a master transcriptional regulator of systemic insulin sensitivity and e
Isomerization of L-aspartate (L-Asp) into D-aspartate (D-Asp) occurs naturally in proteins at a rate that is much faster than th
The autophagy-lysosomal system comprises a highly dynamic and interconnected vesicular network that plays a central role in main
CD22 (also known as Siglec-2) is a member of the Siglec family of glycan-recognition proteins and functions as a negative regula
Lon is a conserved AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) proteolytic machine that plays a key regulatory ro
Both immunoglobulin light-chain (LC) amyloidosis (AL) and multiple myeloma (MM) share the overproduction of a clonal LC. However
Light chain (AL) amyloidosis is the most common systemic amyloid disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of amyloid fibri
Human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) is the earliest CoV found to infect humans. It binds to the human aminopeptidase N (hAPN) thr
Carbohydrate sulfation plays a pivotal role in modulating the strength of Siglec-glycan interactions. Recently, new aspects of S
Colon cancer development may be initiated by multiple factors, including chronic inflammation, genetic disposition, and gut dysb
Cell division in Escherichia coli is intricately regulated by the MinD and MinE proteins, which form oscillatory waves between c
Background: Rho GTPases are essential regulators for cellular movement and intracellular membrane trafficking. Their enzymatic a
A class of tetrahydropyrazino[2,1-a:5,4-a′]diisoquinoline derivatives were synthesized under environmentally friendly conditions
In the present work, bacterial glycosyltransferases are utilized to construct ganglioside glycans in a convergent approach via a
Free oligosaccharides in human milk have many biological functions for infant health. The reducing end of most human milk oligos
Poxviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses that represent the largest known highly pathogenic viruses infecting humans. They und
Capsules are long-chain carbohydrate polymers that envelop the surfaces of many bacteria, protecting them from host immune respo
Potassium ion (K+) is the most abundant metal ion in cells and plays an indispensable role in practically all biological systems
Cancer cells with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) exhibit a distinctive vulnerability to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase i
Histidine modifications of proteins are broadly based on chemical methods triggering N-substitution reactions such as aza-Michae
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are important posttranslational modifying enzymes in eukaryotic proteins and regulat
Protein A075L is a β-xylosyltransferase that participates in producing the core of the N-glycans found in VP54, the major viral
Shrimp acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is one of the most devastating diseases to impact the global shrimp farmi
Interhomolog recombination in meiosis requires a meiosis-specific recombinase, Dmc1. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the Mei5-Sae3
Homologous recombination during meiosis is critical for chromosome segregation and also gives rise to genetic diversity. Genetic
Initial studies on the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 (CoV-2) S glycoprotein ("spike") as a protein subunit vaccine suggested sub-
Synthesis of Galβ1 → 3GlcNAc-repeating saccharides is limited mainly by the formation of less-reactive oxazolines. We herein rep
As methanol can be derived from either CO2 or methane, methanol economy can play an important role in combating climate change.
Helicobacter pylori, a dominant member of the gastric microbiota was associated with various gastrointestinal diseases and prese
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the most diverse group of membrane receptors with a conserved structure of seven t
Here, we present a protocol for the in vitro phosphorylation of Src kinase domain (SrcKD), preparation of phospho-SrcKD in compl
The IL6-GP130-STAT3 pathway facilitates lung cancer progression and resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Although glycosyla
Knotted proteins are present in nature, but there is still an open issue regarding the existence of a universal role for these r
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling is critical for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and colorectal cancer (CRC)
During neuronal pruning, phagocytes engulf shed cellular debris to avoid inflammation and maintain tissue homeostasis. How phago
Eukaryotic ribosomal proteins contain extended regions essential for translation coordination. Dedicated chaperones stabilize th
The bacterial genus Salmonella includes diverse isolates with multiple variations in the structure of the main polysaccharide co
A novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), emerged as a global pandemic disaster and a r
The fucosylation of glycoproteins regulates diverse physiological processes. Inhibitors that can control cellular levels of prot
Klebsiella pneumoniae provides influential prototypes for lipopolysaccharide O antigen (OPS) biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacte
Peptidoglycan (PG) sacculi surround the cytoplasmic membrane, maintaining cell integrity by withstanding internal turgor pressur
Nucleoid-associated proteins play a crucial role in the compaction and regulation of genetic material across organisms. The Sac1
A de novo asymmetric strategy for the synthesis of d-bradyrhizose diastereomers from an achiral ketoenolester precursor is descr
The causative pathogen of COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), utilizes the receptor-binding
Visualizing liposome release profiles in small animals is important for evaluating the pharmacokinetic influence of vesicles. En
Ovarian carcinoma is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage with peritoneal dissemination and/or lymph node metastasis, and the
Prions, the misfolding form of prion proteins, are contagious proteinaceous macromolecules. Recent studies have shown that infec
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a leading factor of liver-related death worldwide. ALD has various manifestations that
Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 has been continuously evolving, hampering the effectiveness of current vaccines against COVID-19
Cell surface glycans are major drivers of antigenic diversity in bacteria. The biochemistry and molecular biology underpinning t
We report the discovery and biosynthesis of new piperazine alkaloids-arizonamides, and their derived compounds-arizolidines, fea
Formation of programmed DNA double-strand breaks is essential for initiating meiotic recombination. Genetic studies on Arabidops
The K+ uptake system KtrAB is essential for bacterial survival in low K+ environments. The activity of KtrAB is regulated by nuc
Arsenite-induced stress granule (SG) formation can be cleared by the ubiquitin-proteasome system aided by the ATP-dependent unfo
Background: Helicobacter pylori, the main cause of various gastric diseases, infects approximately half of the human population.
Mycobacterium abscessus is increasingly recognized as the causative agent of chronic pulmonary infections in humans. One of the
The Lon proteases are evolutionarily conserved oligomeric hydrolases characterized by a built-in ATPase module. Here, we report
Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), a highly conserved molecule in RNA viruses, has recently emerged as a promising drug
Deinagkistrodon acutus is a medically important pitviper inhabiting mainly South China and Taiwan. The hemorrhagic effects of it
The use of pharmacological chaperones (PCs) to stabilize specific enzymes and impart a therapeutic benefit is an emerging strate
Keratan sulfate glycosaminoglycan is composed of repeating N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) disaccharide units consisting of galacto
K2-capsular Klebsiella pneumoniae is a hypervirulent pathogen that causes fatal infections. Here, we describe a phage tailspike
Pseudaminic acid (Pse) on pathogenic bacteria exopolysaccharide engages with the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-type lectin
Most membrane proteins are modified by covalent addition of complex sugars through N- and O-glycosylation. Unlike proteins, glyc
The theories for substrate recognition in enzyme catalysis have evolved from lock-key to induced fit, then conformational select
Hexanucleotide repeat expansion in C9ORF72 (C9) is the most prevalent mutation among amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patient
A mutant of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) detected in early-onset neurodegenerative patients, UCHL1R178Q, showed hig
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) assembles into a contractile nanomachine to inject effectors across bacterial membranes for
Knotted proteins are fascinating to biophysicists because of their robust ability to fold into intricately defined three-dimensi
Campylobacters are important causes of gastrointestinal illness and the capsular polysaccharides (CPS) they produce are key viru
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) plays important roles in multiple cellular events, including growth, differentiation
Hirudins, natural sulfo(glyco)proteins, are clinical anticoagulants that directly inhibit thrombin, a key coagulation factor. Th
The canine anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody is a potential therapeutic option for treating canine arthritis. The current treatment
Genome integrity is threatened by solar ultraviolet (UV) light, which reacts with adjacent DNA pyrimidine bases to produce undes
Background: Increasing evidence supports that antibodies can protect against active tuberculosis (TB) but knowledge of potential
Glomerular podocytes are instrumental for the barrier function of the kidney, and podocyte injury contributes to proteinuria and
Proteins can spontaneously tie a variety of intricate topological knots through twisting and threading of the polypeptide chains
The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/stimulator of interferon gene (STING) signaling pathway plays a critical protective role agai
Identifying residues critical to protein-protein binding and efficient design of stable and specific protein binders are challen
Hybrid natural products are compounds that originate from diverse biosynthetic pathways and undergo a conjugation process, which
The T5 family of viruses are tailed bacteriophages characterized by a long non-contractile tail. The bacteriophage DT57C is clos
The structure determination of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP): phospho-protein complexes, which is essential to understand h
Phycobilisomes (PBS) are antenna megacomplexes that transfer energy to photosystems II and I in thylakoids. PBS likely evolved f
Photolyases, a ubiquitous class of flavoproteins, use blue light to repair DNA photolesions. In this work, we determined the str
Background/aim: PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1 (PHRF1) ubiquitinates TGIP (TG-interacting protein) and redistri
Eukaryotic dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthases (DHDDSs), cis-prenyltransferases (cis-PTs) synthesizing precursors of dolichols
Keeping replication fork stable is essential for safeguarding genome integrity; hence, its protection is highly regulated. The C
Fork reversal is a conserved mechanism to prevent stalled replication forks from collapsing. Formation and protection of reverse
Homologous recombination (HR)-mediated DNA repair is a prerequisite for maintaining genome stability. Cancer cells displaying HR
Purinosomes serve as metabolons to enhance de novo purine synthesis (DNPS) efficiency through compartmentalizing DNPS enzymes du
Drimane-type sesquiterpenes (DTSs) are significant terpenoid natural products characterized by their unique C15 bicyclic skeleto
Many AAA+ (ATPases associated with diverse cellular activities) proteins function as protein or DNA remodelers by threading the
A class of 1-(4-(arylethylenylcarbonyl)phenyl)-4-carboxy-2-pyrrolidinones were designed and synthesized via Michael addition, cy
The ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2, resulting in the emergence of new variants that are resistant to existing vaccines and ther
The peptidoglycan layer is a defining characteristic of bacterial cells, providing them with structural support and osmotic prot
Translational readthrough of UGA stop codons by selenocysteine-specific tRNA (tRNASec) enables the synthesis of selenoproteins.
A better understanding of the epitopes most relevant for antibody-mediated protection against tuberculosis (TB) remains a major
Complete coverage of all N-glycosylation sites on the SARS-CoV2 spike protein would require the use of multiple proteases in add
PmrA, an OmpR/PhoB-family response regulator, triggers gene transcription responsible for polymyxin resistance in bacteria by re
Once thought to be non-naturally occurring, D-amino acids (DAAs) have in recent years been revealed to play a wide range of phys
Aberrant overexpression or activation of EGFR drives the development of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and acquired resistan
Vibrio α-hemolysins (αHLs) are β-pore-forming toxins secreted by Vibrio pathogens, crucial for the facilitation of bacterial inf
Mitochondria adapt to changing cellular environments, stress stimuli, and metabolic demands through dramatic morphological remod
CP74 is an engineered circular permutant of a deep trefoil knotted SpoU-TrmD (SPOUT) RNA methyl transferase protein YbeA from E.
The abuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microbial pathogens, presenting a pressing challenge in
Membrane proteins are challenging to analyze by native mass spectrometry (MS) as their hydrophobic nature typically requires sta
Cellular glycosylation is characterized by chemical complexity and heterogeneity, which is challenging to reproduce syntheticall
Accumulating evidence has shown that the quality of proteins must be tightly monitored and controlled to maintain cellular prote
We used the deep learning tool ProteinMPNN to redesign ubiquitin (Ub) as a specific and functionally stimulating/enhancing binde
ATP-dependent RAD51 recombinases play an essential role in eukaryotic homologous recombination by catalyzing a four-step process
PHRF1 is an E3 ligase that promotes TGF-β signaling by ubiquitinating a homeodomain repressor TG-interacting factor (TGIF). The
The Gram-negative anaerobe, Porphyromonas gingivalis, is known to be a pathogen associated with chronic periodontitis. P. gingiv
The intracellular phosphatase domain of the receptor-type protein tyrosine phosphatase alpha (PTPRA) is known to regulate variou
Regulation of CO2 fixation in cyanobacteria is important both for the organism and global carbon balance. Here we show that phos
Carbapenemase and extended β-lactamase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates represent a major health threat, stimulating inc
Most rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars cannot survive under prolonged submergence. However, some O. sativa ssp. indica cultivars, su
Background: Microglia are an integral part of central nervous system, but our understanding of microglial biology is limited due
Great effort has been devoted to discovering the basis of A3G-Vif interaction, the key event of HIV's counteraction mechanism to
The TFIIF-like Rpc53/Rpc37 heterodimer of RNA polymerase (pol) III is involved in various stages of transcription. The C-termina
Trimeresurus gracilis is an endemic alpine pitviper in Taiwan with controversial phylogeny, and its venom proteome remains unkno
TRIM28/KAP1/TIF1β is a crucial epigenetic modifier. Genetic ablation of trim28 is embryonic lethal, although RNAi-mediated knock
Noroviruses, the major cause of acute viral gastroenteritis, are known to bind to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs), including
Determination of sub-100 kilodalton (kDa) structures by cryo-electron microscopy (EM) is a longstanding but not straightforward
Activation of tumor-intrinsic innate immunity has been a major strategy for improving immunotherapy. Previously, we reported an
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is one of the essential molecules for life. However, little is known about intracellular Pi metabolism
Human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme (ME2) is well-known for its role in cell metabolism, which may be involved in
The long non-coding telomeric RNA transcript TERRA, in the form of an RNA-DNA duplex, regulates telomere recombination. In a scr
Nearly 95% of Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurs sporadically without genetic linkage. Aging, hypertension, high cholesterol conten
Mammalian cells can turn over peroxisomes through Stub1-mediated pexophagy. The pathway potentially permits cellular control of
KpsC is a dual-module glycosyltransferase (GT) essential for "group 2" capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis in Escherichia coli
Immunomodulatory Siglecs are controlled by their glycoprotein and glycolipid ligands. Siglec-glycolipid interactions are often s
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a very large dsDNA virus. The accepted shape of the WSSV virion has been as ellipsoidal, wit
The synthesis of the cell-wall peptidoglycan during bacterial cell division is mediated by a multiprotein machine, called the di
Enterocloster bolteae (formerly known as Clostridium bolteae) is a gastro-intestinal pathogenic bacterium often detected in the
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by cells to mediate intercellular communication under pathological and physiological c
Since the discovery of protein tyrosine phosphorylation as one of the critical post-translational modifications, it has been wel
The cDNAs encoding the Zn+2-metalloproteases (SVMPs) of Trimeresurus gracilis (abbreviated as Tgc), a pitviper endemic to Taiwan
Terpenoids represent the largest structural family of natural products (NPs) and have various applications in the pharmaceutical
Synthetic biology tools for regulating gene expression have many useful biotechnology and therapeutic applications. Most tools d
(-)-Antrocin (1), produced by the medicinal mushroom, Antrodia cinnamomea, is a potent anti-proliferative compound. The biosynth
The coronavirus nucleocapsid (N) protein is known to bind to nucleic acids and facilitate viral genome encapsulation. Here we re
Acinetobacter baumannii is a nosocomial pathogen that can be resistant to antibiotics by rapidly modulating its anti-drug mechan
Understanding the structural diversity of honeybee-infecting viruses is critical to maintain pollinator health and manage the sp
Galectin-4, a member of the galectin family of animal glycan-binding proteins (GBPs), is specifically expressed in gastrointesti
Patients with mutations of WDR4, a substrate adaptor of the CUL4 E3 ligase complex, develop cerebellar atrophy and gait phenotyp
It is well known that insulating samples can accumulate electric charges from exposure to an electron beam. How the accumulation
Climate change is a defining challenge of the 21st century, and this decade is a critical time for action to mitigate the worst
We developed a versatile asymmetric strategy to synthesize different classes of sulfoglycolipids (SGLs) from Mycobacterium tuber
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), released as byproducts of mitochondrial metabolism or as products of NADPH oxidases and other pro
Amyloidogenesis, self-propagation of protein or peptide monomers to amyloid fibrils, has been linked to incurable pathogenesis o
Replication fork reversal which restrains DNA replication progression is an important protective mechanism in response to replic
Spiro[pyran-4-quinolines] were synthesized in two steps from exo-glycals. The first step involved the double additions of anilin
G-protein-coupled receptors signal through cognate G proteins. Despite the widespread importance of these receptors, their regul
Autophagy has emerged as the prime machinery for implementing organelle quality control. In the context of mitophagy, the ubiqui
Three new 2-guanidinoethanesulfonyl sesquiterpene analogues of (−)-agelasidine A, agelasidines G–I (1–3), were isolated from a m
Heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) is a ubiquitous chaperone to interact with numerous proteins to regulate multiple cellular process
The pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) facilitates the co-translational installation of the 22nd amino acid pyrrolysine. Owing t
Tissue (re)vascularization strategies face various challenges, as therapeutic cells do not survive long enough in situ, while th
WbbB, a lipopolysaccharide O-antigen synthesis enzyme from Raoultella terrigena, contains an N-terminal glycosyltransferase doma
Human cervicovaginal fluid (CVF) is a complex, functionally important and glycan rich biological fluid, fundamental in mediating
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of several gastric diseases including gastric cancer. To reach
Modulation of presynaptic actin dynamics is fundamental to synaptic growth and functional plasticity; yet the underlying molecul
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial cellular nutrient and energy sensor that maintains energy homeostasis. AMPK als
The ATP binding sites of many enzymes are structurally related, which complicates their development as therapeutic targets. In t
The development of a ligand-assisted imprinting probe (i.e., LIP 1) for the site-specific labeling of recombinant Siglec-7 prote
A route for preparing lipooligosaccharide (LOS) glycans from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Canetti was developed and applied to the
The edible fungus Tremella fuciformis was shown to have a high molecular weight (1.87 × 103 kDa) bioactive polysaccharide, denot
Galectin-3 (GAL3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin expressed in CD4 T cells infected with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1
SARS-CoV-2 continues to evolve, causing waves of the pandemic. Up to May 2022, 10 million genome sequences have accumulated, whi
Eggshell membrane (ESM), a plentiful biological waste, consists of collagen-like proteins and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious swine disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). PED cause
To transform cellulose from biomass into fermentable sugars for biofuel production requires efficient enzymatic degradation of c
We report the de novo asymmetric synthesis of the 3,6-dideoxy sugars abequose, paratose, and tyvelose from 2-acetylfuran. C
Application of B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway inhibitor ibrutinib for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a major breakthrough,
A new 2-guanidinoethanesulfonyl sesquiterpene, cyclohexylagelasidine A (1), and a known compound (–)-agelasidine A (2), were iso
Fibrils of the hamster prion peptide (sHaPrP, sequence 108-144) were prepared in an acidic solution, and their structure was sol
Trichodesmium, a major diazotroph in tropical and subtropical oceans, provides a significant amount of bioavailable nitrogen in
Naturally occurring N-glycans display much diversity in modifications, linkages, and peripheral presentation of the oligosacchar
Prion protein is composed of a structure-unsolved N-terminal domain and a globular C-terminal domain. Under limited trypsin dige
High levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) result in oxidative stress, which damages cells and leads to the development of man
We report the isolation and stereochemical determination of the predominant native cholesteryl 6-O-phosphatidyl α-glucoside (CPG
N-glycans are diversified by a panel of glycosyltransferases in the Golgi, which are supposed to modify various glycoproteins in
Background: With the continuous emergence of new SARS-CoV-2 variants that feature increased transmission and immune escape, ther
Background: Metastasis and chemoresistance are major culprits of cancer mortality, but factors contributing to these processes a
Protein/peptide aggregation-induced cell death is the culprit of many neurodegenerative diseases. Many peptide drugs were design
TRIM28 is a scaffold protein that interacts with DNA-binding proteins and recruits corepressor complexes to cause gene silencing
The dystrophin-glycoprotein complex connects the cytoskeleton with base membrane components such as laminin through unique O-gly
Piperazine-derived diazabicycles are privileged structures found in natural products and synthetic chemical entities, including
Flavin coenzymes are universally found in biological redox reactions. DNA photolyases, with their flavin chromophore (FAD), util
Subcellular localization of the deubiquitinating enzyme BAP1 is deterministic for its tumor suppressor activity. While the monou
Prion diseases are transmissible fatal neurodegenerative disorders spreading between humans and other mammals. The pathogenic ag
Siglec-7 (sialic acid–binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 7) is an immune checkpoint-like glycan recognition protein on natural k
We herein reported the first chemoenzymatic synthesis of lacto-N-hexaose (LNH) by combining chemical carbohydrate synthesis with
Genome editing by the delivery of pre-assembled Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (Cas9 RNP) is an increasingly popular approach for cell
Data from the World Health Organisation show that the global incidence of dengue infection has risen drastically, with an estima
The coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has bec
BRAC1 associated protein-1 (BAP1) is a major tumor suppressor involved in many cancers. The deubiquitinase (DUB) activity of BAP
Bacterial polyynes are highly active natural products with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. However, their detailed
Background: Autophagy plays important roles in cell homeostasis and protein quality control. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have
Most known cellulase-associated carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) are attached to the N- or C-terminus of the enzyme or are ex
Bacterial surface polysaccharides are assembled by glycosyltransferase enzymes that typically use sugar nucleotide or polyprenyl
Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase (EcGS) spontaneously forms a dodecamer that catalytically converts glutamate to glutamine.
OLA1 is a P-loop ATPase, implicated in centrosome duplication through the interactions with tumor suppressors BRCA1 and BARD1. D
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) form a large protease family involved in a myriad of biological and pathological processes, incl
Zebrafish is a popular research model; but its mechanism of sex determination is unclear and the sex of juvenile fish cannot be
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry is increasingly applied to study the structures and interactions of membrane protein c
A one-pot strategy for functionalizing pyranoside 1,2-cis-diols with two different ester protecting groups is reported. The appr
Wild tomatoes (Solanum peruvianum) are important genomic resources for tomato research and breeding. Development of a foreign DN
Recent developments in the instrumentation and data analysis of synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) on biomolecules
In Vaccinia virus (VACV), the prototype poxvirus, scaffold protein D13 forms a honeycomb-like lattice on the viral membrane that
Nature Communications Editors’ Highlights - “Microbiology and infectious diseases”
The combination of EGF, CHIR99021, A83-01, SB4
Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a worldwide cancer with rising annual incidence. New medications for patients with CRC ar
Klebsiella pneumoniae is an important pathogen associated with nosocomial infection and has developed increasing resistance to a
Enzymatic synthesis that is commenced by the sugar nucleotide regeneration system (SNRS) protocol can minimize 1) the consumptio
Biological CO2 fixation is so far the most effective means for CO2 reduction at scale and accounts for most of the CO2 fixed on
Excessive generation and accumulation of highly reactive oxidizing molecules causes oxidative stress and oxidative damage to cel
Bacterial cells are encased in peptidoglycan (PG), a polymer of disaccharide N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and N-acetyl-muramic a
Klebsiella pneumoniae serotype KN2 is a carbapenem-resistant strain and leads to the health care-associated infections, such as
Background: K1 capsular polysaccharide (CPS)-associated Klebsiella pneumoniae is the primary cause of pyogenic liver abscesses (
An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (COVID-19) first detected in Wuhan, China, has created a public health emergency all over
Specific antibody interactions with short peptides have made epitope tagging systems a vital tool employed in virtually all fiel
Extensive glycosylation of the spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus not only shields the major
Trimeresurus gracilis (Tgc) is endemic to Taiwan and shown to be closely related with Ovophis okinavensis by previous phylogenet
Since 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been rapidly spreading worldwide, causing hundreds
Single-cell proteomics can reveal cellular phenotypic heterogeneity and cell-specific functional networks underlying biological
T-Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (TCPTP, PTPN2) is a non-receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase that is ubiquitously expr
Emerging evidence suggests that host glycans influence severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. H
The T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP/PTPN2) targets a broad variety of substrates across different subcellular compart
Mass spectrometry-based high-sensitivity mapping of terminal glycotopes relies on diagnostic MS2 and/or MS3 ions that can differ
The imaging of peptidoglycan (PGN) dynamics in living bacteria facilitates the understanding of PGN biosynthesis and wall-target
The catalog of enzymes known to catalyze the nucleophile-assisted formation of C-C bonds is extremely small, and there is presen
Alterations of protein glycosylation are closely related with pathophysiological regulation. Due to the structural macro- and mi
This study reports the application of expanding genetic codes in developing protein cage-based delivery systems. The evolved Met
Background: RAD51-dependent homologous recombination (HR) is one of the most important pathways for repairing DNA double-strand
The mechanisms that underlie the extensive phenotypic diversity in genetic disorders are poorly understood. Here, we develop a l
The immunomodulatory family of Siglecs recognizes sialic acid-containing glycans as “self”, which is exploited in cancer for imm
α-Dystroglycan (α-DG) is a glycoprotein specifically modified with O-mannosyl glycans bearing long polysaccharides, termed matri
The outer surfaces of mycobacteria, including the organism that causes tuberculosis, are decorated with an array of immunomodula
The Lon protease is the prototype of a family of proteolytic machines with adenosine triphosphatase modules built into a substra
Replication stress causes replication fork stalling, resulting in an accumulation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Replication pr
Glycoproteomics is a powerful yet analytically challenging research tool. Software packages aiding the interpretation of complex
Background: During autophagy defense against invading microbes, certain lipid types are indispensable for generating specialized
Development of effective therapeutics for mitigating the COVID-19 pandemic is a pressing global need. Neutralizing antibodies ar
Histone arginine methylation is a key post-translational modification that mediates epigenetic events that activate or repress g
The D614G mutation in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 alters the fitness of the virus, leading to the dominant form observed in
Versatile genome editing can be facilitated by the insertion of DNA sequences into specific locations. Current protocols involvi
Glycolipids are prominent components of bacterial membranes that play critical roles not only in maintaining the structural inte
Lon is an evolutionarily conserved proteolytic machine carrying out a wide spectrum of biological activities by degrading misfol
Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved intracellular pathway for the degradation of cytoplasmic materials. Unde
The surface polysacharide arabinomannan (AM) and related glycolipid lipoarabinomannan (LAM) play critical roles in tuberculosis
The Lon AAA+ (adenosine triphosphatases associated with diverse cellular activities) protease (LonA) converts ATP-fuelled confor
Plant diseases are important issues in agriculture, and the development of effective and environment-friendly means of disease c
The biosynthesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a key immunomodulatory molecule produced by gram-negative bacteria, has been a top
Natural killer (NK) cells are potent innate immune cells that provide the surveillance and elimination of infected, stressed, an
Background: Plectranthus amboinicus (Spreng.) is an herb commonly used in folk medicine and food by several Asian countries. The
The B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 first detected in the UK harbors amino-acid substitutions and deletions in the spike protein t
Human PUF-A/PUM3 is a RNA and DNA binding protein participating in the nucleolar processing of 7S to 5.8S rRNA. The nucleolar lo
Meiotic recombination plays dual roles in the evolution and stable inheritance of genomes: Recombination promotes genetic divers
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) involves impairment of Aβ clearance. Neprilysin (NEP) is the most efficient Aβ peptidase. E
The semi-fossil and pit-less Azemiops feae is possibly the most primitive crotalid species. Here, we have cloned and sequenced c
The emergence of the genotype (G) 2 and re-emergence of the G1 porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has caused severe economic
Cytosolic lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) bind directly to caspase-4/5/11 through their lipid A moiety, inducing inflammatory caspase
The sample grids for cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) experiments are usually prepared at a temperature optimal for the storag
Avocado consumption is associated with numerous health benefits. Avocadyne is a terminally unsaturated, 17-carbon long acetogeni
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor-interacting protein with a forkhead-associated domain (TIFA), a key regulator o
The central dogma of biology does not allow for the study of glycans using DNA sequencing. We report a liquid glycan array (LiGA
Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) recognizes various protein ligands; however, the protein-TLR4 binding model is unclear. Here we demo
Proteins with sequence or structure similar to those of di-Zn exopeptidases are usually classified as the M28-family enzymes, in
Searching for new antimicrobials is a pressing issue to conquer the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria and fungi. A
The outbreak of coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has
d-glycero-d-manno-Heptose-1β,7-bisphosphate (HBP) is a bacterial metabolite that can induce a TIFA-dependent innate immune respo
Enterococcus faecalis, a member of the commensal flora in the human gastrointestinal tract, has become a threatening nosocomial
Background: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) first appeared in the city of Wuhan, in the Hubei province of China. Since its eme
Background: Tristetraprolin (TTP) family proteins contain conserved tandem CCCH zinc-finger binding to AU-rich elements and C-te
Trigger factor (TF) is a highly conserved multi-domain molecular chaperone that exerts its chaperone activity at the ribosomal t
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) seeds are rich in proteins and are considered to be a beneficial source of plant proteins. In t
MJ0366 from Methanocaldococcus jannaschii is the smallest topologically knotted protein known to date. 92 residues in length, MJ
The conserved bilateral habenular nuclei (HA) in vertebrate diencephalon develop into compartmentalized structures containing ne
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),
Knots have attracted scientists in mathematics, physics, biology, and engineering. Long flexible thin strings easily knot and ta
During August 2020, we carried out a serological survey among students and employees at the Okinawa Institute of Science and Tec
Sialic acid (SA) on the surface of cells is indispensable in numerous physiological and pathological processes, and sensitive an
Primary metabolism in cyanobacteria is built on the Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle, oxidative pentose phosphate (OPP) pathway
The Lon AAA+ protease (LonA) is a ubiquitous ATP-dependent proteolytic machine, which selectively degrades damaged proteins or n
Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is a picornavirus with potency in selectively infecting and lysing cancerous cells. The cellular recep
Mitochondria are dynamic organelles as they continuously undergo fission and fusion. These dynamic processes conduct not only mi
Redox-dependent inactivation of deubiquitinases (DUBs) is a critical factor for attenuating their DUB activity in response to ce
Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM)-based structure determination of small proteins is hindered by the technical challenges assoc
The dynamic assembly of the cell wall is key to the maintenance of cell shape during bacterial growth. Here, we present a method
Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) provides structural context to molecular mechanisms underlying biological processes. Although
Partially acetylated chito-oligosaccharides (paCOSs) are bioactive compounds with potential medical applications. Their biologic
Coronavirus (CoV) disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has claim
Mutations in the human ALS2 gene cause recessive juvenile-onset amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and related motor neuron diseases.
Meleagrin B is a terpene-alkaloid hybrid natural product that contains both the conidiogenone and meleagrin scaffold. Their deri
Irinotecan inhibits cell proliferation and thus is used for the primary treatment of colorectal cancer. Metabolism of irinotecan
Genome editing is a powerful technique for delineating complex signaling circuitry and enhancing the functionality of immune cel
Collagen is a major structural component of the extracellular matrix and connective tissue. The key structural feature of collag
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy are two major quality control processes whose impairment is linked to a wide
Sialic acid (Sia)-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 7 (Siglec-7) is an inhibitory receptor primarily expressed on natural kille
The formation of succinimide in proteins has attracted considerable attention in protein aging and biopharmaceutical research. T
Most eukaryotes possess two RecA-like recombinases (ubiquitous Rad51 and meiosis-specific Dmc1) to promote interhomolog recombin
Human mitochondrial NAD(P)+-dependent malic enzyme (ME2) is well recognized to associate with cancer cell metabolism, and the si
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a potent pleiotropic cytokine playing a central role in protecting cells from microbial pathogen infec
The role of protein stabilization in cortical development remains poorly understood. A recessive mutation in the USP11 gene is f
The piRNA pathway is a highly conserved mechanism to repress transposon activation in the germline in Drosophila and mammals. Th
Vibrio cholerae is the causative agent of the diarrheal disease cholera, for which biofilm communities are considered to be envi
Nodal signaling is essential for mesoderm and endoderm formation, as well as neural plate induction and establishment of left-ri
The infectious SARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19, which is now a global pandemic. Aiming for effective treatments, we focused on the ke
Degradation and collapse of stalled replication forks are main sources of genomic instability, yet the molecular mechanisms for
The arabinogalactan of Corynebacterianeae is a critical heteropolysaccharide that tethers outer membrane mycolic acids to peptid
Bacterial wall teichoic acids (WTAs) are synthesized intracellularly and exported by a two-component transporter, TagGH, compris
Both high-fidelity and mismatch-tolerant recombination, catalyzed by RAD51 and DMC1 recombinases, respectively, are indispensabl
To circumvent the devastating pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, a human
Background: The accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages, foam cells, within sub-endothelial intima is a key feature of early ath
Chemical investigation of the marine soft coral Sarcophyton tenuispiculatum resulted in the isolation of a 1,4-dihydrobenzoquino
Isoprenoids, also known as terpenes or terpenoids, represent a large family of natural products composed of five-carbon isopente
Altered glycosylations, which are associated with expression and activities of glycosyltransferases, can dramatically affect the
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) are essential epigenetic and post-translational regulators in eukaryotic organisms.
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), including its variant Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), is an acute peripheral neuropathy that involv
Synthesis of type I LacNAc (Galβ1 → 3GlcNAc) oligosaccharides usually suffers from low yields. We herein report the efficient sy
Reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) expression by therapeutic agents has been suggested as an alternative treatment to modula
TAT (48–60) is a tridecapeptide from the envelope protein of HIV that was previously shown to possess cell-penetrating propertie
Chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT) is a chaperonin composed of eight subunits that participates in intracellular protein folding.
Uropathogenic E scherichia coli (UPEC) is the most common pathogen of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Antibiotic therapy is the
Glucuronoxylomannan (AAPS) from the edible wood ear mushroom Auricularia auricula-judae has been demonstrated to exhibit immunos
Ligand 1 was the first reported example of monomeric high-affinity synthetic CD22 ligand that regulated B cell activation in vit
Synaptic vesicle (SV) endocytosis is coupled to exocytosis to maintain SV pool size and thus neurotransmitter release. Intense s
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causal agent of COVID 19, continues to evolve since its first
Acinetobacter baumannii is a prevalent pathogen that can rapidly acquire resistance to antibiotics. Indeed, multidrug-resistant
Pseudaminic acid (Pse), a unique carbohydrate in surface-associated glycans of pathogenic bacteria, has pivotal roles in virulen
Paramecium bursaria chlorella virus-1 (PBCV-1) is a large double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) virus that infects the unicellular green a
Ubiquitination is a versatile posttranslational modification that elicits signaling roles to impact on various cellular processe
BACKGROUND. Inadequate tuberculosis (TB) diagnostics are a major hurdle in the reduction of disease burden, and accurate point-o
Borneol is a bicyclic plant monoterpene. It can be degraded by soil microorganisms through the conversion of borneol dehydrogena
Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) govern efficient neuronal communication with muscle cells, relying on proper architecture of spec
Peroxisomes perform beta-oxidation of branched and very-long chain fatty acids, which leads to the formation of reactive oxygen
D-Glycero-D-manno-heptose-1β,7-bisphosphate (HBP) and D-glycero-D-manno-heptose-1β-phosphate (H1P) are bacterial metabolites tha
Ubiquitination and SUMOylation of protein are crucial for various biological responses. The recent unraveling of cross-talk betw
Prion protein amyloid aggregates are associated with infectious neurodegenerative diseases, known as transmissible spongiform en
Extracellular particles (EPs) including extracellular vesicles (EVs) and exomeres play significant roles in diseases and therape
Protein phosphorylation can induce signal transduction to change sperm motility patterns during sperm capacitation. However, cha
Chloroviruses produce a capsid protein containing N-linked glycans differing in structure from those found in all other organism
Objectives: Diets may alter an individual's metabolism and inflammation, collectively leading to the modulation of cardiovascula
The tripartite motif-containing protein 28 (TRIM28) is a transcription corepressor, interacting with histone deacetylase and met
Two systems of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), noncleavable H32-DM1 and cleavable H32-VCMMAE, were developed by using different
Tracking DNA double strand break (DSB) repair is paramount for the understanding and therapeutic development of various diseases
Overcoming resistance to bioactive small molecules is a significant challenge for health care and agriculture. As a result, effo
Microcephalin 1 (MCPH1) was identified from genetic mutations in patients with primary autosomal recessive microcephaly. In resp
Life does not sustain without water. For water, there is a natural abundance of stable isotope hydrogen and oxygen. Water molecu
The undecaprenyl pyrophosphate phosphatase (UppP) is an integral membrane pyrophosphatase. In bacteria, UppP catalyzes the depho
Chemical examination from the cultured soft coral Sarcophyton digitatum resulted in the isolation and structural identification
We developed micro-liquid enclosure arrays (MLEAs) for holding solution samples in coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) using x-ra
Methanol, being electron rich and derivable from methane or CO2, is a potentially renewable one-carbon (C1) feedstock for microo
Changes in mitochondrial dynamics (fusion and fission) are known to occur during stem cell differentiation; however, the role of
The influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) and coronavirus spike (S) protein mediate virus entry. HA and S proteins are heavily glyc
Covid-19 is caused by a novel form of coronavirus for which there are currently no vaccines or anti-viral drugs. This virus, ter
The 1,3-enyne moiety is commonly found in cyclohexanoid natural products produced by endophytic and plant pathogenic fungi. Aspe
Macrophage glycosylation is essential to initiate the host-immune defense but may also be targeted by pathogens to promote infec
PHRF1 (PHD and RING finger domain-containing protein 1) suppresses acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) by promoting TGIF (TG-inte
Linker design is crucial to the success of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). In this work, we developed a modular linker format f
Arabinosyltransferase B (EmbB) belongs to a family of membrane-bound glycosyltransferases that build the lipidated polysaccharid
Background: Aberrant fucosylation plays a critical role in lung cancer progression. Nevertheless, the key fucosyltransferase wit
PHRF1 is involved in transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling to constrain the formation of acute promyelocytic leukemia (
During the microbial degradation of borneol, a bicyclic plant monoterpene, it is first converted into camphor by borneol dehydro
Methanosarcina mazei pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS) and its cognate tRNA have been evolved to generate genetically encoded n
Although recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS) have enabled meaningful glycoproteomic undertakings, many technical limitatio
Immunotherapies targeting programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) immune checkpoints
Metastasis, the movement of cancer cells from one site to another, is responsible for the highest number of cancer deaths, espec
Dmc1 recombinases are essential to homologous recombination in meiosis. Here, we studied the kinetics of the nucleoprotein filam
Mitochondrial aging, which results in mitochondrial dysfunction, is strongly linked to many age-related diseases. Aging is assoc
Natural killer (NK) cells are an attractive cell-type for adoptive immunotherapy, but challenges in preparation of therapeutic p
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis, a disease that kills over 1 million people each year. Its cell envelope is a com
We have developed enabling techniques for sulfoglycomics based on MALDI-MS mapping and MS/MS sequencing of permethylated sulfate
Sulfated glycans are barely detectable in routine mass spectrometry (MS)-based glycomic analysis due to ion suppression by the s
Selective inhibitors of gut bacterial β-glucuronidases (GUSs) are of particular interest in the prevention of xenobiotic-induced
Death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1, DAPk, DAPK) is known for its involvement in apoptosis and autophagy-associated cell de
Organelle-specific delivery systems are of significant clinical interest. We demonstrate the use of common cyanine dyes Cy3 and
Siglecs are transmembrane receptor-like vertebrate lectins that recognize glycans containing sialic acid. Most Siglecs also inte
(-)-Aurantioclavine (1), which contains a characteristic seven-membered ring fused to an indole ring, belongs to the azepinoindo
The Methanosarcina mazei pyrrolysyl-tRNA synthetase (PylRS)⋅tRNAPyl pair can be used to incorporate non-canonical amino acids (n
The synthesis of a library of bacterial phosphoglycolipid, PGL-1, is described. Key features of the synthesis include regioselec
Aims: The myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is almost inevitable since reperfusion is the only established treatment
Helicobacter pylori, the most common etiologic agent of gastric diseases including gastric cancer, is auxotrophic for cholestero
Siglecs are a family of transmembrane receptor-like glycan-recognition proteins expressed primarily on leukocytes. Majority of S
Precise noncoding RNA (ncRNA)-based network prediction is necessary to reveal ncRNA functions and pathological mechanisms. Here,
X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) opened up a possibility for molecular-scale single particle imaging (SPI) without the need fo
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is an effector delivery system used by Gram-negative bacteria to kill other bacteria or euka
Cellulosomes, which are multienzyme complexes from anaerobic bacteria, are considered nature's finest cellulolytic machinery. Th
Knotted proteins are some of the most fascinating examples of how linear polypeptide chains can achieve intricate topological ar
Environmental cues such as nutrients alter cellular behaviors by acting on a wide array of molecular sensors inside cells. Of em
Feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) is an alphacoronavirus that causes a nearly 100% mortality rate without effective tre
WD40 proteins control many cellular processes via protein interactions. Drosophila Wuho (Wh, a WD40 protein) controls fertility,
Antiviral drug resistance in influenza infections has been a major threat to public health. To develop a broad-spectrum inhibito
Background: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is widely used in industry and medicine. Anti-PEG antibodies have been developed for chara
The type VI secretion system (T6SS) is used by many bacteria to engage in social behavior and can affect the health of its host
Siglec-15 is a member of the Siglec family of glycan-recognition proteins, primarily expressed on a subset of myeloid cells. Sig
Cullin 3 (Cul3) family of ubiquitin ligases comprises three components, the RING finger protein RBX1, the Cul3 scaffold, and a B
Galectins are β-galactoside-binding animal lectins primarily found in the cytosol, while their carbohydrate ligands are mainly d
Protein functions are temperature-dependent, but protein structures are usually solved at a single (often low) temperature becau
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide due to metastasis. Paraspeckle component 1 (PSPC1) up
Aculenes are a unique class of norsequiterpenes (C14 ) that are produced by Aspergillus aculeatus. The nordaucane skeleton in ac
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of axial inflammation. Over time, some patients develop spinal ankylosis and permanent dis
Background: To produce second-generation biofuels, enzymatic catalysis is required to convert cellulose from lignocellulosic bio
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a cellular process in which cytosolic contents are degraded by lysosome in response to various stres
Cancer cell migration plays a crucial role during the metastatic process. Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation by protein tyrosin
Autotrophic plants have evolved distinctive mechanisms for maintaining a range of homeostatic states for sugars. The on/off swit
Autophagy is a major degradation pathway that utilizes lysosome hydrolases to degrade cellular constituents and is often induced
Sialosides containing (oligo-)N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc, Galβ(1,4)GlcNAc) as core structure are known to serve as ligands for
The utilization of immuno-magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for the selective capture, enrichment, and separation of specific glycop
The NIH-funded center for autophagy research named Autophagy, Inflammation, and Metabolism (AIM) Center of Biomedical Research E
As cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming in the course of tumorigenesis, targeting energy metabolism represents a promisi
The BH3-only pro-apoptotic protein BIK is regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system. However, the mechanism of this regulatio
Background: Based on traditional and folk medicine, mushrooms have been developed into anti-cancer therapeutics. In this ar
Sialic acids are typically added to the end of glycoconjugates by sialyltransferases. Among the six ST8 α-N-acetyl-neuraminide α
Sialic-acid-binding, immunoglobulin-type lectin-7 (Siglec-7) is present on the surface of natural killer cells. Siglec-7 shows p
Carboxyl (C)-terminal processing proteases (CTPs) participate in protective and regulatory proteolysis in bacteria. The PDZ doma
YbeA from E. coli is a trefoil-knotted SpoU-TrmD (SPOUT) RNA methyltransferase. While its knotted motif plays a key functional r
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests with movement dysfunction. The expression of mutant Hun
Protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) catalyze the methyl transfer to the arginine residues of protein substrates and are
A group of prenyltransferases catalyze chain elongation of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to designated lengths via consecutive cond
Overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is known to mediate glutamate excitotoxicity in neurological diseases. However,
Metastasis is responsible for most cancer mortality, but its molecular mechanism has not been completely understood. In addition
Aims: The coordination of neurons to execute brain functions requires plenty of oxygen. Thus, it is not surprising that the chro
Laccases that are tolerant to organic solvents are powerful bio-catalysts with broad applications in biotechnology. Most of thes
Cancer stemness drives tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence, and therapy resistance. However, mechanisms that p
Background: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent the majority of cellular transcripts and play pivotal roles in hematopoiesi
It was reported in 1995 that T7 and Taq DNA polymerases possess 3'-esterase activity, but without follow-up studies. Here we rep
Real-time tracking of membrane proteins is essential to gain an in-depth understanding of their dynamics on the cell surface. Ho
Prion diseases are transmissible fatal neurodegenerative disorders affecting humans and other mammals. The disease transmission
Chromoproteins are a good source of engineered biological tools. We previously reported the development of a blue fluorescent pr
Recent advances in mass spectrometry has empowered unbiased global analysis of site-specific O-GalNAc glycosylation. Despite tho
Recent research on the structure and mechanism of DNA polymerases has continued to generate fundamentally important features, in
Activation of tumor suppressors for the treatment of human cancer has been a long sought, yet elusive, strategy. PTEN is a criti
The purpose of study was to explore the role of glutamine-dependent anaplerosis in cell fate determination (proliferation and se
Quantifying the density and locating the position of antigens on cell surface has been a challenge in molecular biology research
Objective: We aimed to understand the role of the tyrosine phosphatase PTPN14-which in cancer cells modulates the Hippo pathway
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis is maintained at a higher level in cancer cells, which promotes tumorigenesis. Oxidati
For many, "DNA mimic protein" (DMP) remains an unfamiliar term. The key feature of these proteins is their DNA-like shape and ch
Heterogeneous distribution of components in the biological membrane is critical in the process of cell polarization. However, li
While cryo-EM is revolutionizing structural biology, its impact on enzymology is yet to be fully demonstrated. The ketol-acid re
Our capability to visualize protein complexes such as RNA polymerase II (pol II) by single-molecule imaging techniques has large
Secondary metabolites (SM) produced by fungi and bacteria have long been of exceptional interest owing to their unique biomedica
The T cell Ig and mucin domain (TIM) proteins inhibit release of HIV-1 and other enveloped viruses by interacting with cell- and
Influenza is a contagious acute respiratory disease caused by the influenza virus infection. Hemagglutinin (HA) is an important
Cells govern their homeostasis through autophagy by sequestering substrates, ranging from proteins to aggregates and organelles,
The rice SUB1A-1 gene, which encodes a group VII ethylene response factor (ERFVII), plays a pivotal role in rice survival under
This work reports the one-pot enzymatic cascade that completely converts l-arabinose to l-ribulose using four reactions catalyze
Topologically knotted proteins are tantalizing examples of how polypeptide chains can explore complex free energy landscapes to
Plant lignocellulosic biomass can be enzymatically degraded and converted into biofuel. We have studied a bifunctional cellulase
Galectin-8, a beta-galactoside-binding lectin, is upregulated in the gastric tissues of rhesus macaques infected with Helicobact
The catalysis by DNA polymerases has been thought for decades to go through a two-metal-ion mechanism [Fig. 1(a)], involving Met
The mammalian mono-α2,8-sialyltransferase ST8Sia VI has been shown to catalyze the transfer of a unique sialic acid residues ont
The Basidiomycota, also called club fungi, comprise a diverse group of fungi. Basidiomycota are strongly related to ecosystem fu
Dynamic processes such as fusion, fission, and trafficking are important in the regulation of cellular organelles, with an abund
A general strategy for the diverse synthesis of ten disaccharide aminoglycosides, including natural 2-trehalosamine (1), 3-treha
Human tumor necrosis factor receptor associated factor (TRAF)-interacting protein, with a forkhead-associated domain (TIFA), is
Endoglucanase CtCel9Q is one of the enzyme components of the cellulosome, which is an active cellulase system in the thermophile
Prodigiosin is an intensely red pigment comprising three pyrroles. The biosynthetic pathway includes a two-step proline oxidatio
The incidences of primary, pyrogenic liver abscess complicated by meningitis and septic endophthalmitis caused by Klebsiella pne
Polyamines, often elevated in cancer cells, have been shown to promote cell growth and proliferation. Whether polyamines regulat
Genomes are constantly in flux, undergoing changes due to recombination, repair and mutagenesis. In vivo, many of such changes a
One can utilize light illumination to stimulate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production through the use of mitochondria
HER2-ECD (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 - extracellular domain) is a prominent therapeutic target validated for treat
Migration of placental extravillous trophoblast (EVT) cells into uterine decidua facilitates the establishment of blood circulat
Human sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 14 (Siglec-14) is a glycan-recognition protein that is expressed on myeloid
The Z-DNA binding domain (Zα), derived from the human RNA editing enzyme ADAR1, can induce and stabilize the Z-DNA conformation.